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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. The sudden explosion and uncontrolled worldwide spread of COVID show the limitations of existing healthcare systems in timely handling public health emergencies.
In such contexts, innovative technologies such as blockchain and Artificial Intelligence AI have emerged as promising solutions for fighting coronavirus epidemic. In particular, blockchain can combat pandemics by enabling early detection of outbreaks, ensuring the ordering of medical data, and ensuring reliable medical supply chain during the outbreak tracing.
Moreover, AI provides intelligent solutions for identifying symptoms caused by coronavirus for treatments and supporting drug manufacturing.
The newly emerging projects and use cases enabled by these technologies to deal with coronavirus pandemic are also presented. Finally, we point out challenges and future directions that motivate more research efforts to deal with future coronavirus-like epidemics.
The severity of the epidemic was so huge that the World Health Organization WHO was compelled to declare it as a pandemic within a month of its wide-scale expansion. The virus spread causes the global economic shock with the massive interruptions of many sectors such as supply chain, industry, insurance, agriculture, transport, and tourism, forcing governments and owners to shut stop operations on a worldwide scale [2].
According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD , the global economy could grow at its slowest rate since in this year [3] due to the coronavirus outbreak as the forecasts in Fig. As the number of infections rises, many governments around the world have instituted drastic lock-downs and curfews and called for social distancing and work from home for virus spead fighting [4].
With the deadly coronavirus spreading globally, every attempt is being made to ensure help for victims as well as to stop the spread. As governments scramble to address these problems, technology-empowered solutions can help deal with the worldwide health crisis. Applications of innovative technologies such as Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence AI could have the answers in response to coronavirus crisis [5] — , [7].
Blockchain can support to combat the COVID pandemic by enabling early detection of outbreaks, fast-tracking drug delivery, and providing a consensus on the ordering of the COVID data records. Furthermore, AI with supervised and unsupervised machine learning provides intelligent solutions for monitoring real-time epidemic outbreaks, pandemic trend forecasting, identifying symptoms caused by coronavirus for treatments, and supporting drug manufacturing [8]. At present, there is a lack of a reliable data surveillance system that would instantly give relevant healthcare organizations the information they need about potential outbreaks.
In fact, most of the current coronavirus information comes from separate sources such as the public, hospitals, clinical labs with a large amount of inaccurate data without being monitored thoroughly. The use of unreliable information makes it challenging for potential outbreak identification and quarantine. Another limitation is the current time-consuming and in-accuracy coronavirus detection procedure that often takes several hours to complete the virus tests. Thus, how to accelerate coronavirus detection speed with high accuracy is an urgent need.
Furthermore, it is very challenging to process coronavirus data with complex patterns and large volumes by using human-depending medicine tools. More specifically, the reasons on why we need to use blockchain for such a disease are explained as follows. Blockchain and AI are able to provide viable solutions to cope with the coronavirus epidemic from various aspects. In fact, blockchain has been applied to other infectious epidemics, such as Ebola [18] where blockchain was employed to conduct real-time Ebola contact tracing, transmission pattern surveillance and vaccine delivery.
This project also reveals that the cryptographic feature of blockchain can help prevent unsecure data sharing between patients and health entities such as healthcare providers. In the coronavirus outbreak fighting, blockchain can actively simplify the process of fast-tracking drug trials, and recording and tracking all fundraising activities and donations, in an immutable fashion, which can support the management of outbreaks and treatment.
For example, AI techniques such as neural network architectures based on Long Short Term Memory LSTM were used to predict the influenza-like illness dynamics for military populations using neural networks and social media [19]. Moreover, Bayesian ML was employed in [20] to build predictive data learning models for identifying compounds active against the Ebola virus. These real-world use cases have demonstrated the potential of AI in supporting the fighting of infectious epidemics by forecasting the spread of virus and helping the drug production for treatment of infectious diseases.
In the coronavirus epidemic, AI can also provide solutions in several ways. AI can be used to detect virus and predict how the virus is going to spread by analysing the combined information of environmental conditions, access to healthcare, and the way it is transmitted. Based on that, AI can identify coronavirus within localized outbreaks of the disease and help reveal the nature of the virus [21]. The coronavirus can cause severe symptoms such as pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and kidney failure.
AI-based algorithms such as genome-based neural networks already built for personalized treatment can prove very useful in controlling these adverse events or symptoms caused by a coronavirus, especially when the impact of the virus depends on immunity and the genome structure of individuals and no standard treatment can treat all symptoms effectively at present. For example, ML-based regression models have been used in [22] to estimate adverse outcome in COVID pneumonia, by using chest CT scans with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
More specifically, logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between clinical parameters and CT metrics versus patient outcome intensive care unit admission or death versus no ICU admission or death. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve AUC was then computed to determine the adverse effects which support the clinical decision making for appropriate patient care. Further, the use of AI may be very helpful in identifying the relationship of novel coronavirus and related viruses such as SARS [23] to accelerate the finding of a new vaccine.
Finally, AI approaches can automatically build a model or relationship between treatments documented in healthcare records and the eventual patient outcomes.
These models can quickly identify diagnosis and treatment choices that assist to guide the process of developing clinical guidelines for future coronavirus-like epidemics.
The paper in [25] focuses on analysing the roles of blockchain to address the crisis of trust during the COVID pandemic. The authors in [26] explain briefly the opportunities and limitations of the applications of blockchains in healthcare management, including COVIDrelated domains. The benefits of using blockchain for fighting COVID are also explored in [27] , with several specific use cases such as contact tracing, disaster relief, patient information sharing, e-government, supply chain management, online education, and immigration management.
The work in [29] provides a very brief discussion of the roles of DL for COVID data analytics, along with a short introduction to blockchain in the pandemic.
Another study in [30] provides an extensive survey on the contributions of AI in combating COVID from the aspects of disease detection and diagnosis, virology and pathogenesis, drug and vaccine development, and epidemic and transmission prediction. Meanwhile, a survey paper in [31] provides a systematic study of deep learning, deep transfer learning and edge computing to mitigate COVID Other works in [32] , [33] also survey the applications of AI techniques in screening, tracking, and predicting the spread of COVID Different from these survey works, our paper provides a comprehensive review on the use of both blockchain and AI for fighting COVID pandemic.
The key purpose of this paper is to provide the readers with an overall picture and road map of how blockchain and AI can support to solve the coronavirus epidemic and related healthcare crisis.
Therefore, in this paper we present an extensive survey on the applications and use cases of blockchain and AI technologies specific to coronavirus COVID pandemic by using the rapidly emerging literature and the latest research reports. The unique challenges and future direction are also highlighted. The comparison of the related works and our paper is summarized in Table 1. To this end, our survey provides the following contributions:. We introduce a conceptual systematic architecture that integrates blockchain and AI for fighting COVID, aiming to provide the key solutions in response to coronavirus epidemic.
We identify a number of specific applications using these technologies for solving coronavirus-related issues detection. Particularly, we highlight the potentials of blockchain and AI through a comprehensive analysis and discussion in different applied scenarios. We explore the latest use cases and projects using blockchain and AI for coronavirus fighting. A case study is then provided using federated AI for COVID detection, aiming to demonstrate the benefits of the discussed technique in the pandemic.
Based on the extensive survey, we identify possible research challenges and future directions to encourage scientists and stakeholders to put more efforts in developing innovative solutions to combat the future coronavirus-like epidemics. A systematic mapping study [34] was selected as the research method for this survey paper, aiming to provide an overview of the research related to the use of blockchain and AI for fighting the COVID pandemic, including the following key steps.
First, we recognize the limitations of current healthcare systems and highlight the motivations on why we should use blockchain and AI for fighting COVID The second stage is to search for all the relevant scientific papers on the research topic. Here we use the terms such as blockchain, machine learning, deep learning, COVID as the search strings so that we can filter and select the most relevant technical papers for our survey.
Then we chose the scientific databases for the searches. We decided to focus on peer-reviewed, high-quality papers published in conferences, workshops, symposiums, books and journals related to the research topic.
The third stage is to screen all related papers based on their titles. Meanwhile, we exclude papers without high content quality, papers without text availability and papers that were not written by English. The fourth stage is keywording. We read the abstract and identified keywords and concepts that reflected the contribution of the paper. Then, we used the keywords to cluster and form categories for the mapping of the studies. The final stage is data extraction that gathers all information needed to survey technical aspects and contributions of blockchain and AI in the context of COVID The structure of this survey is organized as follows.
Section II presents the background of coronavirus epidemic, and two key technologies including blockchain and AI, along with a conceptual architecture that integrates blockchain and AI for coronavirus fighting. In Section III , we analyse the solutions using blockchain for coronavirus fighting. Section V summarizes the most popular use cases on blockchain and AI adaption in response to coronavirus fighting.
A list of key acronyms and abbreviations used throughout the paper is given in Table 2. In this section, we provide briefly the coronavirus pandemic, and then summarize blockchain and AI technologies used for fighting coronavirus.
Then we introduce a systematic architecture for coronavirus fighting. It is not yet clear which animal the new coronavirus is associated with, although several data suggests it is similar to those found in bats. Coronaviruses affect the breathing passages, or respiratory tract. The number of infected citizens grew exponentially until Chinese authorities declared a complete lockdown of the affected region, the million-people Hubei province.
Symptoms can be mild like the common cold, including a runny nose and cough or they can be more severe and can cause difficulty in breathing. Other common symptoms includes fever, cough, and feeling tired.
A few people become seriously ill but this seems more likely in the elderly and those with health problems [37]. Governments have locked down cities, restricted movements of millions and suspended business operations that will slow down the global economy in the coming years. Undoubtedly, the virus outbreak has become one of the biggest threats to the global economy and financial markets [39] , [40].
Blockchain is mostly known as the technological platform behind Bitcoin [41]. The key concept of a blockchain is decentralization. In fact, its database does not place in a central location, but is distributed across a network of participants e. This decentralized concept provides high robustness and security for database stored on blockchain with no single-point failure.
Importantly, blockchain is visible to each member in the network. This is enabled by a mechanism called consensus which is a set of rules to ensure the agreement among all participants on the status of the blockchain ledger.
A concept of how blockchain works is shown in Fig. In general, blockchains can be classified as either a public permission-less or a private permissioned blockchain [42].
A public blockchain is accessible for everyone and anyone can join and make transactions as well as participate in the consensus process. The best-known public blockchain applications include Bitcoin and Ethereum [43]. Private blockchains on the other hand are an invitation-only network managed by a central entity.
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. The sudden explosion and uncontrolled worldwide spread of COVID show the limitations of existing healthcare systems in timely handling public health emergencies. In such contexts, innovative technologies such as blockchain and Artificial Intelligence AI have emerged as promising solutions for fighting coronavirus epidemic. In particular, blockchain can combat pandemics by enabling early detection of outbreaks, ensuring the ordering of medical data, and ensuring reliable medical supply chain during the outbreak tracing.
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