Blockchain based version control system
Published on 9. Authors of this article:. Background: Personal health record PHR security, correctness, and protection are essential for health and medical services. Blockchain architecture can provide efficient data retrieval and security requirements. Exchangeable PHRs and the self-management of patient health can offer many benefits to traditional medical services by allowing people to manage their own health records for disease prevention, prediction, and control while reducing resource burdens on the health care infrastructure and improving population health and quality of life. Methods: The PHR architecture in this study comprised 2 main components.
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Blockchain based version control system
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Content:
- Blockchain Based Access Control
- A Blockchain-Based Collaboration Framework for Teaching Material Creation
- Git Version Control System
- eHealthChain—a blockchain-based personal health information management system
- What is Decentralization in Blockchain?
- Blockchain for a smart energy market: BEST
- China's blockchain and cryptocurrency ambitions
- Blockchain-Based Medical Record Management with Biofeedback Information
- We apologize for the inconvenience...
Blockchain Based Access Control
Imagine a book or ledger that anyone could obtain, free of charge, where anything written on its pages would be there forever, and at the same time, would be cross-referenced with the other books to check whether what was written to be valid and true ; this is the essence of DLT. Digital assets have a problem. How does one avoid that an asset, such as digital money, is copied and used by several people? That was a problem that always plagued the adoption of digital currency.
Banks allow trust between people exchanging funds. Both parties trust the bank to perform the operation. But if one intended to create an ecosystem where there is not a single entity controlling the flow of information, where a user could send money directly to another user without it going through a central entity, this was a problem.
How could it be avoided that this digital money was copied and double or triple spent by A? This problem was solved by the person, or entity, known as Satoshi Nakamoto in What makes blockchain secure is the fact that each block where data is recorded cannot be changed. One can only write to the blockchain after the consensus of the majority of the network. Since blocks are being created every moment, changing those and the blocks preceding it until reaching the one we intended to change, would require enormous computing power.
Also changing a block will result in creating a new branch of information which will be considered the source of truth, but the existing data also remains in a different branch, this process is called forking. Satoshi created blockchain to solve the double-spend problem of digital currency and to act as a ledger , a registry, of the transactions of Bitcoin. Each person that transacts Bitcoin acts as a node in the network, registering a transaction on the Bitcoin blockchain.
This makes it decentralized , as no central authority is needed and each person in the network can write on the ledger, and allows for consensus in the network without the need of a middle-man. The more people are in the network, the more difficult it is for a majority collusion in order to subvert the veracity of the information on the blockchain.
With a public, immutable, registry, managed by collaboration and collective altruism, this digital currency users could easily verify transactions and be assured that the funds were being transferred only once and not digitally copied infinitely. A Blockchain is also considered a system with high Byzantine Fault tolerance.
A Byzantine Fault is an occurrence on decentralized systems where it may appear, for one user, that the system is working perfectly and, to others, that the system is failing. Each block contains hashed information. A hash is a function widely used in cryptography.
If the same information is introduced in the input , it will always deliver the same hash in the output. Avoiding any correlation between hashes. An Example of the hash and how the avalanche effect alters the output with even the slightest change in the input. Graph Source. Each block is linked to the next block through a cryptographic hash, and so on.
Creating a chain. Thus, the blockchain. Permissionless , like the most digital currency blockchains, allow all users to write on the ledger. To become a node on a Permissioned blockchains, one would need authorization from one or several parties. An example of a Permissioned Blockchain is the Sovrin one. Sovrin is governed by a set of Stewards who act as nodes.
This is done to preserve the integrity of the information, in this case related to digital identity , that is written on the ledger. Stewards are trusted and vetted by The Sovrin Foundation. Identity has a problem. A digital identity reduces the level of bureaucracy and increases the speed of processes within organisations by allowing for a greater interoperability between departments and other institutions.
But if this digital identity is stored on a centralised server, it becomes a target for hackers. Since alone, more than million personal details — such as addresses or credit card numbers — have been hacked, leaked or breached from organisations.
Identities need to be portable and verifiable everywhere, any time, and digitization can enable that. But being digital is not enough. Identities also need to be private and secure. Several industries suffer the problems of current identity management systems:. The first model of digital identity management was a siloed one. Each organisation issued a digital identity credential to a user to allow them to access its services. Each user needed a new digital identity credential for every new organisation he engages with.
That provided a poor user experience. Just remember all the websites you had to register and create new passwords and login details for.
Because of the poor user experience of the first model, third parties began issuing digital identity credentials that allow users to login to services and other websites. This, of course, raises privacy and security concerns. The emergence of Blockchain technology, Decentralized Identifiers and Verifiable Credentials allowed the creation of a third model of identity management: Self-Sovereign Identity.
The effect of this is that now, not only can physical credentials safely be turned digital, holders of such credentials can selectively disclose specific information from this credential without exposing the actual data imagine proving you are above the age of 21 without having to show your ID card! Decentralized Identifiers are globally, unique and persistent identifiers.
They are entirely controlled by the identity owner. DIDs are independent of centralised registries, authorities or identity providers. That same Public DID is also stored on the blockchain , an immutable record of data.
The Blockchain acts as a verifiable data registry. The identity issuer , a trusted party such as local government, can issue personal credentials for an identity owner the user. By issuing a credential, the identity issuer attests to the validity of the personal data in that credential e.
The identity owner can store those credentials in their personal identity wallet and use them later to prove statements about his or her identity to a third party the verifier. A Credential is a set of multiple identity attributes and an identity attribute is a piece of information about an identity a name, an age, a date of birth.
Credentials are issued by second parties whom attest to the validity of the data inside the credential. Through the infrastructure of a blockchain, the verifying parties do not need to check the validity of the actual data in the provided proof but can rather use the blockchain to check the validity of the attestation and attesting party such as the government from which they can determine whether to validate the proof.
This is crucial as a distributed ledger is immutable, meaning anything that is put on the ledger can never be altered nor deleted, and thus no personal data should ever be put on the ledger. Privacy can be ensured through non-correlation principles via pseudonymisation.
So, instead of storing actual private information, the only things stored on the ledger for the purpose of verification are:. Whenever we need to prove something about our identity — either our name, address or passport number — there is a process of authentication. A verifying entity confirms that the data we are claiming about ourselves is true or false. This is usually done through the verification of our identifying documents. These identity verification and authentication processes make privacy concerns arise.
Should a verifying entity requesting me to prove my name with my passport have access to the remaining information contained in my document while they are looking at it to verify that information?
Does an entity that request a proof of my age need to know the day and month I was born? A Zero-Knowledge Proof is a method of authentication that, through the use of cryptography , allows one entity to prove to another entity that they know a certain information or meet a certain requirement without having to disclose any of the actual information that supports that proof.
This is especially useful when and where the prover entity does not trust the verifying entity but still has to prove to them that he knows a specific information.
In an identity management with blockchain scenario, this allows a person to prove that their personal details fulfil certain requirements without revealing the actual details.
A scenario formulated by the computer scientist Andrew Yao. Yao discusses two millionaires, Alice and Bob, who do not want to reveal how much money each has but want to know who is the richest.
DIDs are a new type of unique identifiers for verifying digital identities , and are entirely controlled by the identity owner. Decentralized identifiers should be non-reassignable. They should be permanent. Other identifiers, such as IP address or email address, can be reassigned to other entities by whomever is in control. This reduces privacy and security. Decentralized identifiers should be resolvable. Decentralized identifiers should be cryptographically verifiable.
Decentralized identifiers should be decentralized. Current identity management systems rely on centralized registries. Each of these registries ensures trust. DIDs do not depend on a central authority. Distributed ledger technology ensures trust as it allows everyone to have the same source of truth about the data in the credentials. For use cases where a DID is going to be unique.
More info on this, here. Decentralized Identifiers could then increase security , as they eliminate siloed identity management, and increase privacy , as they give the identity owner the opportunity to selectively disclose specific information about himself.
Ultimately, they will turn digital identities into Self-Sovereign Identities as they allow each individual to own and control their identity without depending on other parties. Next to checking the attesting party, verification of a credential also includes checking the validity of the attestation itself. The validity of the attestation, meaning the accuracy and can be validated through a so called revocation registry.
The registry contains the status of each credential, whether it has been revoked deleted or updated and hence whether this specific credential is still valid. In other words, the ledger enables everyone in the network to have the same source of truth about which credentials are still valid and who attested to the validity of the data inside the credential, without revealing the actual data. Revocation means deleting or updating a credential.
The possibility for an issuer to revoke a credential is crucial to an identity infrastructure for the main reason that identities are dynamic.
A Blockchain-Based Collaboration Framework for Teaching Material Creation
Healthcare supply chains are complex structures spanning across multiple organizational and geographical boundaries, providing critical backbone to services vital for everyday life. The inherent complexity of such systems can introduce impurities including inaccurate information, lack of transparency, and limited data provenance. Counterfeit drugs is one consequence of such limitations within existing supply chains which not only has serious adverse impact on human health but also causes severe economic loss to the healthcare industry. Consequently, existing studies have emphasized the need for a robust, end to-end track and trace system for pharmaceutical supply chains. Therein, an end-to-end product tracking system across the pharmaceutical supply chain is paramount to ensuring product safety and eliminating counterfeits. Most existing track and trace systems are centralized leading to data privacy, transparency, and authenticity issues in healthcare supply chains. In this paper, we present an Ethereum blockchain-based approach leveraging smart contracts and decentralized off-chain storage for efficient product traceability in the healthcare supply chain.
Git Version Control System
Blockchain technology is most simply defined as a decentralized, distributed ledger that records the provenance of a digital asset. By inherent design, the data on a blockchain is unable to be modified, which makes it a legitimate disruptor for industries like payments, cybersecurity and healthcare. Our guide will walk you through what it is, how it's used and its history. Blockchain, sometimes referred to as Distributed Ledger Technology DLT , makes the history of any digital asset unalterable and transparent through the use of decentralization and cryptographic hashing. A simple analogy for understanding blockchain technology is a Google Doc. When we create a document and share it with a group of people, the document is distributed instead of copied or transferred. This creates a decentralized distribution chain that gives everyone access to the document at the same time.
eHealthChain—a blockchain-based personal health information management system
This article discusses five potential use-cases that Blockchain based Intellectual Property Management presents in the current state of intellectual property industry. Blockchain is defined as a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that records the provenance of a digital asset. It is a system of recording information that is difficult to change, hack or cheat the system. In simpler terms, Blockchain is a technology where any digital information is distributed across the network, given the information is time stamped, immutable and transparent to everyone present in the network. Blockchain has prominent implications in various domains such as cryptocurrency, health care, real estate, voting systems, supply chain and logistics, etc.
What is Decentralization in Blockchain?
New technology platforms that leverage a secure, distributed, digital ledger will transform the way OEMs and manufacturers interact. Blockchain technology is commonly associated with the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, which is a form of electronic cash. And, while you may hear the term bandied about during industry discussions, many manufacturers and OEMs wonder why they should care anything about it—other than if they were the victim of a ransomware attack. But management take note, because blockchain is not just another buzzword. Functioning as an open distributed digital ledger, blockchain is the technology that underpins cryptocurrencies, but it can also be used for many other applications by providing a secure, decentralized approach to distributing digital information in a way that can be shared but not modified. For this reason, blockchain is gaining traction as a way to verify transactions across the supply chain.
Blockchain for a smart energy market: BEST
I have built a very simple blockchain in which I want to record additions of new numbers, deletions, and interchanging of numbers. How do i store these changes without giving them a lot of storage space? I've considered creating a merkle tree of all the elements of the array and storing the merkle root to check whether the version matches or not, but storing the same data into multiple blocks is redundant and inefficient. For tracking changes you may simply save individual changes for every element in array. In your example it would like this:.
China's blockchain and cryptocurrency ambitions
Academic degree verification and certification process currently used by educational in- stitutions worldwide is a manual process and is extremely inefficient. In addition, the current process is error-prone and an easy target for manipulation and fraud. In some cases, educational institutions use 3rd parties, acting as trusted partners, to verify the integrity of the student's records, which in turn makes the verification process unwieldy and expensive.
Blockchain-Based Medical Record Management with Biofeedback Information
Here is a joke I find hilarious: "Wouldn't it be great if somebody put version control on the blockchain? They would make a fortune! Let's bleed out the humour from this statement by unpacking it. A "block" is a place where you put information.
We apologize for the inconvenience...
Enterprise-level energy delivery systems EDSs depend on different software or hardware vendors to achieve operational efficiency. Critical components of these systems are typically manufactured and integrated by overseas suppliers, which expands the attack surface to adversaries with additional opportunities to infiltrate into EDSs. Due to this reason, the risk management of the EDS supply chain is crucial to ensure that we are knowledgeable about the vulnerabilities in software and hardware components that comprise any critical part, quantifiable risk metrics to assess the severity and exploitability of the attack, and provide remediation solutions that can influence a prioritized mitigation plan. The enterprises have realized significant advantages due to such outsourcing activities in terms of continuous support services, just-in-time deliveries, elimination of inventories, globalization, and reduced operational cost. Although these proprietary commercial-off-the-shelf solutions offer high interoperability characteristics with a large variety of product features which the consumer enterprise may not need, integration of such products and services in the critical EDS infrastructures significantly increases the risk of supply chain—related threats, which could adversely impact the reliability of bulk electric systems BESs. In the past, several attempts Ellison and Woody, ; Du et al. Attack via a manufacturer source code or product and attack via vendor remote access are two such attack scenarios Liang et al.
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