Cryptocurrency course view php id 461
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Cryptocurrency course view php id 461
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- References
- Norddeutsche Landesbank -GZ- MTN-HPF S.461 v.16(23)
- Blockchain Demystified: A Technical and Legal Introduction to Distributed and Centralised Ledgers
- Characterizing Wealth Inequality in Cryptocurrencies
- FIN - Finance
- Introduction and IPv4 Datagram Header
- Cisco Firepower 4100/9300 FXOS Command Reference
- Fauna is rethinking the database
References
Have a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. Already on GitHub? Sign in to your account. A standard interface for contracts that manage multiple token types. A single deployed contract may include any combination of fungible tokens, non-fungible tokens or other configurations e. This standard outlines a smart contract interface that can represent any number of fungible and non-fungible token types.
Existing standards such as ERC require deployment of separate contracts per token type. The ERC standard's token ID is a single non-fungible index and the group of these non-fungibles is deployed as a single contract with settings for the entire collection.
In contrast, the ERC Multi Token Standard allows for each token ID to represent a new configurable token type, which may have its own metadata, supply and other attributes.
Tokens standards like ERC and ERC require a separate contract to be deployed for each token type or collection. This places a lot of redundant bytecode on the Ethereum blockchain and limits certain functionality by the nature of separating each token contract into its own permissioned address.
With the rise of blockchain games and platforms like Enjin Coin, game developers may be creating thousands of token types, and a new type of token standard is needed to support them.
However, ERC is not specific to games and many other applications can benefit from this flexibility. New functionality is possible with this design such as transferring multiple token types at once, saving on transaction costs.
It is also easy to describe and mix multiple fungible or non-fungible token types in a single contract. See "Safe Transfer Rules" for further detail. Scenario 4 : The receiver implements the necessary ERCTokenReceiver interface function s but returns an unknown value. Scenario 6 : The receiver implements the ERCTokenReceiver interface and is the recipient of one and only one balance change e.
Scenario 7 : The receiver implements the ERCTokenReceiver interface and is the recipient of more than one balance change e. Scenario 9 : You are transferring tokens via a non-standard API call i. There have been requirements during the design discussions to have this standard be compatible with existing standards when sending to contract addresses, specifically ERC at time of writing. To cater for this scenario, there is some leeway with the revert logic should a contract not implement the ERCTokenReceiver as per "Safe Transfer Rules" section above, specifically "Scenario 3 : The receiver does not implement the necessary ERCTokenReceiver interface function s ".
Order of operation MUST therefore be:. An important consideration is that even if the tokens are sent with another standard's rules the ERC transfer events MUST still be emitted.
This is so the balances can still be determined via events alone as per ERC standard rules. This allows for a large number of tokens to use the same on-chain string by defining a URI once, for that large number of tokens. Metadata localization should be standardized to increase presentation uniformity across all languages. As such, a simple overlay method is proposed to enable localization. If the metadata JSON file contains a localization attribute, its content MAY be used to provide localized values for fields that need it.
The localization attribute should be a sub-object with three attributes: uri , default and locales. The function setApprovalForAll allows an operator to manage one's entire set of tokens on behalf of the approver. Short-hand symbols are used in tickers and currency trading, but they aren't as useful outside of that space.
The name function for human-readable asset names, on-chain was removed from the standard to allow the Metadata JSON to be the definitive asset name and reduce duplication of data. This also allows localization for names, which would otherwise be prohibitively expensive if each language string was stored on-chain, not to mention bloating the standard interface.
The requirement to emit TransferSingle or TransferBatch on balance change implies that a valid implementation of ERC redeploying to a new contract address MUST emit events from the new contract address to replicate the deprecated contract final state. It is valid to only emit a minimal number of events to reflect only the final balance and omit all the transactions that led to that state.
The event emit requirement is to ensure that the current state of the contract can always be traced only through events. To alleviate the need to emit events when changing contract address, consider using the proxy pattern, such as described in ERC This will also have the added benefit of providing a stable contract address for users.
The standard supports safeTransferFrom and onERCReceived functions because they are significantly cheaper for single token-type transfers, which is arguably a common use case. The standard only supports safe-style transfers, making it possible for receiver contracts to depend on onERCReceived or onERCBatchReceived function to be always called at the end of a transfer. As the Ethereum ecosystem continues to grow, many dapps are relying on traditional databases and explorer API services to retrieve and categorize data.
The ERC standard guarantees that event logs emitted by the smart contract will provide enough data to create an accurate record of all current token balances. A database or explorer may listen to events and be able to provide indexed and categorized searches of every ERC token in the contract.
It enables frictionless interaction with exchange and trade contracts. Restricting approval to a certain set of token IDs, quantities or other rules MAY be done with an additional interface or an external contract. The rationale is to keep the ERC standard as generic as possible for all use-cases without imposing a specific approval scheme on implementations that may not need it. This standard can be used to represent multiple token types for an entire domain.
Both fungible and non-fungible tokens can be stored in the same smart-contract. The design of ERC makes batch transfers possible without the need for a wrapper contract, as with existing token standards. This reduces gas costs when more than one token type is included in a batch transfer, as compared to single transfers with multiple transactions. Another advantage of standardized batch transfers is the ability for a smart contract to respond to the batch transfer in a single operation using onERCBatchReceived.
The balanceOfBatch function allows clients to retrieve balances of multiple owners and token IDs with a single call. In order to keep storage requirements light for contracts implementing ERC, enumeration discovering the IDs and values of tokens must be done using event logs.
This can be built from each TransferSingle, TransferBatch, and URI event, starting from the block the smart contract was deployed until the latest block. ERC contracts must therefore carefully emit TransferSingle or TransferBatch events in any instance where tokens are created, minted, transferred or destroyed.
The following strategies are examples of how you MAY mix fungible and non-fungible tokens together in the same contract. The standard does NOT mandate how an implementation must do this.
Note that is an arbitrary number, an implementation MAY choose how they would like this split to occur as suitable for their use case. An observer of the contract would simply see events showing balance transfers and mints happening and MAY track the balances using that information alone. For an observer to be able to determine type non-fungible or fungible from an ID alone they would have to know the split ID bits format on a implementation by implementation basis.
Another simple way to represent non-fungibles is to allow a maximum value of 1 for each non-fungible token. This would naturally mirror the real world, where unique items have a quantity of 1 and fungible items have a quantity greater than 1. Copyright and related rights waived via CC0.
The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:. Sorry, something went wrong. Note, this was done in an advanced solution with a lot more features than a basic impl. Hyperbridge is interested in potentially supporting this standard in our upcoming marketplace. We'd like to see where other organizations stand on this as it's an obvious problem, and if the proposed solution works for you. Is there any examples in the wild as of yet?
Hey ericmuyser thanks for your interest! We'll consider adding a reference implementation to the standard. I hope you didn't announce this like "Biggest innovation in the manking". I think you need to look at the gas cost relative to the alternatives and how this differs from them. A simple ETH transfer costs 21K and ERC20 tokens look to cost anywhere from 35k to k each tx after some quick explorer checks in the top So I would say the above cost is quite reasonable.
As in, creating a AllItems contract that is but fully controlled by whatever governance mechanism you'd prefer. Then, owners can create a new item set like createNonFungible Similar for fungible assets. Then clients can get the set of all items via iterating the interface, ERC detect fungibility or non-fungibility, and either 1 directly interface with those sub-contracts to manage their items or 2 you could provide similar multi-send features by proxying transfer requests through the AllItems contract that's either an approved operator of the sub-contract or is just an all-seeing authority deferring the access-control logic to the AllItems contract to verify who owns what before transferring.
Anyway, it might be a little roundabout, but it does avoid the creation of a new standard by extending and composing existing ones, which is neat. This means the individual set is now backwards compatible with those standards and can therefore be used in any current system that supports them.
If I want to send you an NFT A and and NFT B and do that through your tracking contract I'd have to call approve on contract A and B separately to give the tracking contract the allowance, then call the tracking contract to do the transfer. That is 3 individual transactions 4 if your tracking contract doesn't support arrays for transfer API.
By allowing things to be mixed together and stored in a single contract I can transfer A and B to you in a single tx. A and B contract also have to be deployed. Nothing has changed here. I agree that composability does come with gas costs, and these should be measured. You can also separate logic and data using proxy patterns and cut down on duplicate logic deployments.
Deploying a contract for every NFT is not future proof imho. Your pattern seems like it would work with though. The register function that you are proposing could be something someone implements and then this returns an ID to match the contract address when calling the function. The call to transfer A and B in that case would might be to call:. The only unknown is the gas implications, which could be measured. We've only just started the whole NFT thing, and fracturing into another standard instead of leveraging existing ones isn't really a strong move, imo.
Existing indexers Toshi, Trust Wallet, etc would need to have extra logic to monitor this standard as well. And deploying ERC adaptors for every token just gets you back to the point I'm making; it should just be compatible with the existing standard by default.
Anyway, give it a think and see if it solves the problem you're interested in solving.
Norddeutsche Landesbank -GZ- MTN-HPF S.461 v.16(23)
FIN Class Schedule. Course may be repeated for credit. Introductory study of corporate financial management, in particular how the financial manager's choices add value to shareholder wealth through investment financing and operating decisions. Introductory course on the role of insurance in society; covers insurance terminology, common personal insurance policies auto, health, life and homeowners and current issues.
Blockchain Demystified: A Technical and Legal Introduction to Distributed and Centralised Ledgers
A B E L. Animal Production Systems Design Lab. Prereq: Credit or enrollment in TSM Engineering analysis of Livestock and Poultry production systems as related to applications of Precision Livestock Farming Technology PLFT , economic and environmental management, and manure and nutrient management. Concrete and earthen manure storages and open-lot runoff management structures; utilization of RUSLE-2 and P-index in the development of comprehensive nutrient management plans; making economic and environmental management decisionsrelated to improving production, gaseous emissions reporting, and odor mitigation. A B E X. Introduction to Global Engineering.
Characterizing Wealth Inequality in Cryptocurrencies
For the most up-to-date bug data, see Bug Tracker. Conditions: -- Provision FPS. Conditions: -- A system that has ASM provisioned. Workaround: If you encounter this, run 'load sys config default' and de-provision ASM.
FIN - Finance
The crypto space is buzzing with another major mainstream development. Dow Jones will be the latest financial company joining the bandwagon lined up to reap the early-adopter benefits of entering the nascent asset class. The Dow Jones products will be using data from the virtual currency company Lukka based in New York to introduce customized indices and other such benchmarking tools on digital currencies. Ass we see, this move is hugely expected to bolster mainstream adoption of cryptocurrencies in the future. As a crypto enthusiast, you must be aware that there have been innumerable instances in the past where investors, indices, exchanges, and institutions have been downright clear about their stance on the future potential of Bitcoin and Blockchain tech.
Introduction and IPv4 Datagram Header
Abstract : Since the financial crisis, the number of alternative currencies aiming at transforming global financial institutions, such as local and complementary currencies LCC and cryptocurrencies, has exploded. Yet the motivations and workings of such monies are relatively unknown. This chapter aims to fill this gap by providing a framework that uncovers the ideals pursued by alternative currencies, and the effects of those ideals on the production of money. Throughout, I elaborate on the social meaning of money and the role played by alternative currencies in contemporary capitalism. I show that 1 despite targeting the same financial institutions, the utopia pursued by alternative currencies varies significantly and 2 this utopia is at least as important as the technology e. Based on these findings, I outline some implications for the social studies of financial technologies, their effects on our societies and their regulation. Abstract : Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dalhousie University.
Cisco Firepower 4100/9300 FXOS Command Reference
Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Feedback will be sent to Microsoft: By pressing the submit button, your feedback will be used to improve Microsoft products and services. Privacy policy. Azure role-based access control Azure RBAC has several Azure built-in roles that you can assign to users, groups, service principals, and managed identities.
Fauna is rethinking the database
Nifty 17, Policy Bazaar Market Watch. Budget ET NOW. India among the largest recipients of climate change assistance, but a few key questions remain unanswered How the developed countries should pay and one way is for them to provide funds to middle-income and low-income nations to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
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B lockchains are a new information technology that have the potential to invert the cybersecurity paradigm. First, blockchain networks are trustless: they assume compromise of the network by both insiders and outsiders. Second, blockchains are transparently secure: they do not rely on failure-prone secrets but rather on a cryptographic data structure that makes tampering both exceptionally difficult and immediately obvious. Finally, blockchain networks are fault tolerant: they align the efforts of honest nodes to reject those that are dishonest.
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