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• A Comprehensive Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks and Neutralization Techniques
• FIPS 140-1 and FIPS 140-2 Vendor List
• Blockchain Service
• SolarWinds Orion Suite v3.0 Receives Common Criteria Certification
• Income Tax Return: You Will Not Be Able To Use ITR e-Filing Portal From Today – Here’s Why
• Talk:Blockchain/Archive 1
• Manuals for ETERNUS

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A Comprehensive Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks and Neutralization Techniques

Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. UAVs are now capable of carrying out remote sensing, remote monitoring, courier delivery, and a lot more. A lot of research is happening on making UAVs more robust using energy harvesting techniques to have a better battery lifetime, network performance and to secure against attackers.

UAV networks are many times used for unmanned missions. There have been many attacks on civilian, military, and industrial targets that were carried out using remotely controlled or automated UAVs. This continued misuse has led to research in preventing unauthorized UAVs from causing damage to life and property. After understanding their operation, various techniques for monitoring and preventing UAV attacks are described along with case studies.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are becoming popular and are being used for various applications at an accelerating rate [1] , [2]. UAVs are deployed across various sectors including logistics [3] , [4] , agriculture [5] , remote sensing [6] , wireless hotspot services [7] , smart city applications [8] and disaster management [9].

Notably, UAVs are being used for crowd surveillance, public announcements, and sanitizing public places to help in managing the COVID pandemic [10]. According to the latest Goldman Sachs report, by there would be 7. UAVs are expected to play a huge role in upcoming 5G networks by supporting flexible deployment and backhaul connectivity operations [14] , [15]. Blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies are expected to enable trusted and transparent sharing of UAVs across different commercial enterprises [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20].

UAVs are also being used for various military applications such as surveillance, target tracking, air-to-ground combat among many others. Security schemes and techniques to ensure essential security features such as mutual authentication and privacy protection, and methods to analyze security vulnerabilities in UAV networks are also being developed [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26].

There is little doubt that UAVs will play a crucial role in our future societies. Despite all the advantages of UAVs, they are not free from security vulnerabilities. Even professional UAVs, which are used for critical and sensitive applications such as police operations and enemy surveillance have been shown to possess several security vulnerabilities [27]. When compromised, they can be used by criminals and terrorist organizations for illegal surveillance and unmanned attacks.

They may be turned off remotely, hijacked, flown away or stolen. Recent incidents of UAV attacks provide an indication of how devastating they can be. All this clearly indicates the need for Anti-UAV technologies. Anti-UAV refers to the process of prevention of potential UAV attacks by either capturing the UAV or jamming its communication channel to disrupt its flight pattern, possibly bring it to a halt on the ground. In this paper, we present a literature review of various anti-UAV techniques.

This paper is structured such that we first analyze the classification of UAVs in order to better understand the methods of attacking UAVs. Then we present case studies of deliberate UAV attacks to get more insights into how the UAVs caused damage and how it could have been prevented.

Next, we present methods of monitoring UAVs and successively counterattacking them including jamming their communication networks, neutralizing their autopilot software, and more. An overview of the outline of this paper is shown in Figure 1.

The UAV industry is extensive with a broad diversity. In this section, we have classified UAVs based on various parameters to give the reader an acquaintance with various parameters used for comparing UAVs. This will help in giving the reader a perspective through the rest of the paper. They have been classified on the basis of weight, altitude, and range, wings and rotors, and their application.

There does not exist a single classification standard throughout the industry. However, we have provided our classification based on the guidelines set by the Indian Government [30] , [31]. Table 1 summarizes the classification of UAVs based on their altitude and range. Figure 2 illustrates various types of UAVs classified based on their wings and rotors and Table 2 presents an comparison and typical use cases.

Comparison of different UAVs based on wings and rotors, adapted from [32]. As UAV technology is advancing, it has become easily approachable and affordable. As the ecosystem of UAVs is evolving quickly, many countries have come up with laws to regulate the usage of UAVs for various kinds of users. The regulations have evolved with advancements in UAV technology. Certain countries have established certification authorities to certify the usage of a UAV in their air space.

In this section, we provide an overview of UAV regulations in various countries as of September Our discussion is limited to a few important rules which are applicable in many states in the USA, but there are specific laws for individual states.

According to the United States airspace classification, Class G airspace is airspace from ground to 1, feet i. To fly in controlled airspace, one needs to apply for special permission from airspace authorization authorities. If one is flying for hobbies or recreational purposes, they can fly within visual line-of-sight and should not do side jobs or in-kind work. The weight of the UAV cannot exceed 55lbs 25kg , ie. To use medium and large UAVs, one needs to get certified by a community-based organization.

The UAV must fly in class G airspace within visual line-of-sight and weigh less than 55lbs 25kg , including payload, at takeoff. The UAV should not fly directly over people and should not be operated from a moving vehicle.

Except for the weight and airspace regulations, there is a provision to waive off the rest of the rules for commercial UAV flights by applying for a special waiver.

Every operator who is registering must complete training to receive a certificate, which is valid in other EU countries as well. The registration number needs to be displayed with a sticker on all the UAVs you own including those privately built.

The category is based on the risk of the flight. This risk is determined by the weight of the UAV and the location of the flight. Depending on the flight category a remote pilot may need certain permits or certificates. It is legal to fly UAVs in Australia.

The pilot should ensure that the UAV does not fly above an altitude of m and the UAV should always be at 30 m distance from people or objects.

One should avoid flying the UAV near emergency operations, over gatherings and densely populated areas. A single pilot can fly only one UAV at a time and cannot fly over people, including sports events, beaches, etc. If the UAV weighs more than g, one must keep at a distance of 5. Those flying devices weighing over 2kg 4. To fly outside the CASA listed standard operating conditions which are described in the previous paragraph, one needs to acquire a RePL Remote Pilot License and fly with a certified pilot.

All UAVs, irrespective of their weight, should not fly m above the surface. There are further regulations for those UAVs with an attached camera. The pilot should not operate the UAV within a 5km radius of an airbase, be it the commercial airport or military airbase.

One should not attach any payload that can cause damage by dropping it over anyone or anything on the ground. For foreign operators to carry out commercial work, CAA will normally be able to grant permission, with the pre-condition that they are ready to meet the basic safety requirements that are necessary for the regular U.

K based UAV operators. UAVs cannot fly over festivals, near accident areas, military areas, sporting events, and cannot go near the 5 km radius of any airport. They should also avoid flying near traffic, people, and buildings. The pilot should ensure that the UAV does not cross an altitude of feet m above the ground. Table 3 shows the regulations for each of these categories. India uses the classification of UAVs based on the weight mentioned in Section 2. UAVs are restricted to fly over no-fly zones like airports, borders, military bases etc.

Every UAV that fly in India should have these prescribed features. Except for Nano category flown below 50 feet and Micro category flown below feet, every commercial operation with a UAV in India should be executed only after obtaining a permit from DGCA.

Having registered on [39] platform, all pilots should request permission before every flight through their mobile app. Based on the acceptance or rejection from the platform, one can proceed with their flight. UAVs find applications in various industries like logistics, structural monitoring, automation, and agriculture [40].

They reduce the cost and provide simpler solutions to problems like generating climate data, monitoring borders, watering of crops, airborne inspection of structures like pipes, etc [12].

Table 4 presents a list of popular UAVs and their specifications. Unfortunately, unlike military UAVs, these solutions do not always undergo vigorous security testing, because the implementation of security features increases the product development time and costs, thereby decreasing revenue for the manufacturing company. Additionally, enhanced security measures might make it difficult for general consumers to operate the UAV. The Internet of Things IoT ecosystem has its own set of security challenges [41] , [42] , [43].

Several security vulnerabilities like the possibility of hijacking, jamming of a UAV in flight, disabling the UAV, etc. Since the vulnerabilities are publicly available, this type of UAVs has a high possibility of misuse. Cyber attacks on industrial facilities are not very uncommon [46]. With UAVs expected to be an integral part of the industrial workforce, it becomes necessary to ensure high levels of security to ensure smooth industrial operations.

These UAVs can carry a payload, which can be lethal objects like explosives and biological hazards. Even the UAV itself can be rammed into objects to cause damage.

Although various countries have set up regulations to prevent such misuses, their enforcement is difficult. In many cases, it may not be possible to identify the owner or UAV operator who may have been operating the UAV from a remote location. Hence, having anti-UAV systems, which are discussed in Section 9 , are very important and need to be widely deployed.

The following subsections discuss various malpractices using hobby, commercial, and personal UAVs which have been classified as in Figure 3.

Reference [47] provides a list of incidents and intrusions from around the world using hobby, commercial, and personal UAVs. Additionally, Table 5 presents the risks posed due to UAVs in airports, rescue operations, prisons, offices, residences, and patrols. According to the United States National Inter-agency Fire Center, aerial firefighting efforts were shut down a minimum of nine times, and a minimum of twenty UAV incursions had hindered firefighting capabilities within the US from January to October in the year

FIPS 140-1 and FIPS 140-2 Vendor List

This is the top level of the kernel's documentation tree. Kernel documentation, like the kernel itself, is very much a work in progress; that is especially true as we work to integrate our many scattered documents into a coherent whole. Please note that improvements to the documentation are welcome; join the linux-doc list at vger. The following describes the license of the Linux kernel source code GPLv2 , how to properly mark the license of individual files in the source tree, as well as links to the full license text. The following manuals are written for users of the kernel — those who are trying to get it to work optimally on a given system. The user-space API manual gathers together documents describing aspects of the kernel interface as seen by application developers. These manuals contain overall information about how to develop the kernel.

Blockchain Service

Search CVE List. Update a CVE Record. ORG is underway and will last up to one year. There is a permanent denial of service because image parsing causes a reboot, but image parsing is restarted as soon as the boot process finishes. However, this boot loop can be resolved by a field technician. Affected firmware versions include xx. NOTE: the NeoSmart article included "believed to affect all previous and later versions as of the date of this posting" but a vendor statement reports "the latest versions of firmware are not vulnerable to this issue.

SolarWinds Orion Suite v3.0 Receives Common Criteria Certification

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Income Tax Return: You Will Not Be Able To Use ITR e-Filing Portal From Today – Here’s Why

Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. UAVs are now capable of carrying out remote sensing, remote monitoring, courier delivery, and a lot more. A lot of research is happening on making UAVs more robust using energy harvesting techniques to have a better battery lifetime, network performance and to secure against attackers. UAV networks are many times used for unmanned missions. There have been many attacks on civilian, military, and industrial targets that were carried out using remotely controlled or automated UAVs.

Talk:Blockchain/Archive 1

Kernel documentation, like the kernel itself, is very much a work in progress; that is especially true as we work to integrate our many scattered documents into a coherent whole. Please note that improvements to the documentation are welcome; join the linux-doc list at vger. The following describes the license of the Linux kernel source code GPLv2 , how to properly mark the license of individual files in the source tree, as well as links to the full license text. Linux kernel licensing rules. The following manuals are written for users of the kernel — those who are trying to get it to work optimally on a given system. The user-space API manual gathers together documents describing aspects of the kernel interface as seen by application developers. These manuals contain overall information about how to develop the kernel. The kernel community is quite large, with thousands of developers contributing over the course of a year.

Manuals for ETERNUS

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Document version: 2. Release Status: Production. Release Management is the process that defines the strategy for which new components and changes will be deployed to Production; establishes how to package and integrate those new and updated components; plans the deployment of the new release from D Standard s : Best Practices.