Kurz bitcoinutopia
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Static:Self-organized Sessions
Zum Beispiel historisch. Ich teile die Geschichte der Digitalisierung in vier Phasen ein, die nacheinander von den 80er Jahren bis heute reichen. Wir haben also die Rampe, brauchen wir noch die Beschleunigung. Die Annahme hierbei ist, dass jede Bewegung im Kern ihre Gegenbewegung immer schon mit hervorbringt. Es war die Zeit des Aufbruchs, der Demokratisierung des Computing. Remediation bezeichnet die Abbildung eines Mediums durch ein anderes Medium.
Doch nach dem Crash ging es weiter mit der Remediation: Mit Youtube und iTunes digitalisierten sich das Fernsehen und die Plattensammlung, mit Skype die Telefonie und mit Amazon sogar der Einzelhandel.
Gegen Ende der Remediations-Phase wurde auch die Gegenbewegung sichtbar. Es entstanden neue Medien, die diesen Namen auch verdienen. Der Aufstieg der Suchmaschinen und insbesondere Google, soziale Booksmarkingdienste wie del. Doch es traf nicht nur die Geheimdienste. Es wurde klar, dass niemand verschont bleibt, dass wir alle — Menschen, Unternehmen, Regierungen und Institutionen — die Kontrolle verloren haben. Die Welt schien aus den Fugen und die Digitalisierung hatte einen nicht geringen Anteil daran.
Doch auch die Gegenbewegung wird deutlich. Google schaffte derweil Ordnung im Chaos im Web und wuchs zum globalen Konzern heran. Mit den dezentralen und anti-hierarchischen Netz-Utopien der ersten Phase hat das alles nur noch wenig zu tun. Aber es geht nicht nur um die Plattformen.
Die Strategien im Neuen Spiel sind andere, als die des alten und wer sie anwendet, kann unerwartete Gewinne erzielen. Hier sehe ich auch schon die Gegenbewegung zum vorherrschenden Paradigma. Wie das Jahr gezeigt hat, hat die Digitalisierung noch ganz andere Effekte auf die Gesellschaft.
Der Aufruhr hat sich stabilisiert. Wir wissen nicht, wie der Kampf Plattformisierung vs. Tribalisierung ausgehen wird, welche Volten er noch schlagen wird und welche Institutionen dabei noch in Mitleidenschaft gezogen werden. Aber ich gehe davon aus, dass die Tribalisierung vorerst nicht eingehegt werden kann und somit das folgende Paradigma wesentlich mitbestimmen wird. An diesem Punkt sind wir. Wie dieses Konstrukt aussehen wird, kann ich nur raten. Das kam mir damals bereits als Mangel vor aber … ich war noch nicht so weit.
Zum Nachlesen:. Alles begann mit der Wert-Theorie von Marx. Ich werde den Vortrag sicher auch noch mal richtig verschriftlichen. Vielleicht findet sich ja ein Abnehmer? This is a translated and also extended version of the German text.
Looking back, one can argue whether the internet has ever delivered on this promise. Today, Google, Amazon and Facebook laugh at the dreams of a hierarchy-free internet.
The Internet has certainly shifted the balance of power here and there, but it has also concentrated and monopolized it in ways unimaginable at the time.
But the same promise of freedom of decentralization is now part of the blockchain discourse. Like the internet back then, the blockchain is now supposed to make censorship efforts and state influence impossible.
Like the internet then, the blockchain today is supposed to dismantle hierarchies, strengthen the periphery, give a voice to the weak and give us all our freedom; unregulated, wild and at a level playing field. This would make it possible — blockchain enthusiasts believe — to place the digital infrastructure and its control in the hands of the users.
With the decentralizing power of the blockchain, the original promise of the Internet would be finally within reach. But it is precisely the history of the internet that offers some objections to these myths. However, the origin of the decentralization of the internet had nothing to do with any idea of freedom in the first place, but resulted from plain necessities. The network was supposed to function even when individual nodes were destroyed.
The second reason was economic in nature. At a time when computers were as rare as wonders of the world and almost as expensive, a decentralized computer network offered the opportunity to utilize the existing, extremely expensive computer hardware available.
Instead of building a large supercomputer to control all connections, many less powerful computers could be utilized to establish the data transmission.
When the ARPANET, the first precursor of the internet, was put into operation in , the decentralized approach actually allowed the processing load and the costs of communication to be distributed among many computers and institutions, which in turn were distributed over the entire territory of the USA. In addition, the network was easy to expand.
The intelligence of the transmission — the splitting and sending of the data packets as well as the control over incoming packets — should lie solely at the ends of the transmission, i. In the course of the 70s a zoo of different network protocols had evolved. Cerf and Kahn therefore developed a standard that could act as an intermediary between different protocols. In , just before ARPANET was connected to the internet, it had about nodes and the number of connections per node already varied greatly.
As more and more universities and institutions connected to the network, individual nodes became too much frequented hubs and some data lines became the early backbones. The Arpanet resembled more or less a network of roads, with its highways and main roads and smaller secondary roads, or like a tree branching out in ever finer branches. Scale freedom very often occurs with organically grown networks, because as a new participant in a network it makes sense to connect to the largest node possible.
Clumps, it turns out, are abbreviations. It became apparent that even a distributed approach to data transmission brings its own centralization tendencies. Finally in , NSFNET National Science Foundation Network 3 , the first backbone — a kind of main artery — between individual research institutions in the USA, was built into the still young internet and formally introduced a hierarchy of data lines.
Scaleless networks are both centralized and decentralized, because instead of one center, there are many large and small centers. It helps to imagine decentralization as a spectrum. On the other end of the spectrum would be the mesh network, where all nodes have the same number of connections, but a communication between two nodes must, in doubt, hop through hundreds of nodes in between.
So the scale free network is a kind of compromise between decentralization and efficiency. However, the first reason Paul Baran cites for decentralisation — stability against failures due to military or other attacks — is only conditionally valid due to the internets freedom of scale.
According to the study, a random collapse of up to 80 percent of the nodes would keep the network stable. A prediction that has become considerably more explosive due to the major DDoS attacks of , which paralyzed Twitter, PayPal, Netflix and Spotify over several hours. So the internet has actually become much more central. But not at all levels equally.
While a largely decentralized approach still prevails on the lower layers, the most concerning signs of concentration have taken place above them. To visualize this, one has to imagine the internet as a stack where the protocols layer on top of each other.
These are the protocols that TCP and IP have been able to connect with each other by putting themselves on top as a general standard.
This is where our everyday internet usage actually happens. E-mail, WWW, but also the apps on our smartphones are part of this layer. And while decentralized approaches such as e-mail and the World Wide Web initially flourished on the application layer, it is precisely this layer that is dominated today by Google, Facebook, Amazon and other monopolistic, centralized platforms.
This concentration in the application layer is inevitable because innovation can hardly take place on the underlying layers. Once a path has been followed, it can no longer be changed significantly and any further development must be based on the previous design decisions. Once a distributed approach has been poured into a protocol, it develops a unruly structural conservatism.
No, billions of people have to flip billions of switches. And in case of doubt they say: why should we? Why change a running system?
As a result, the actual innovation has been pushed upwards. Instead of equipping the network protocol with new features, the services were developed on top. That was certainly the idea, but it opened up a whole new space that, although based on decentralized structures, made new centralized services possible, and — in a sense — inevitable.
But why is the application layer dominated by large corporations today, when in the s decentralized approaches like the WWW, e-mail and other protocols were initially predominant?
In the industrial society it meant that enormous cost reduction effects would occur if a product was manufactured , times instead of times. The same applies to the digital world. Amazon needs considerably fewer employees and consumes less power to operate a data center with , servers than hosting-providers need to keep their servers running. Add this to the fact that server-based services such as Facebook and Google can roll out innovations easily, while protocol-based platforms are always stuck in their current state due to their path dependency, and the dominance of centralized services is virtually self-evident.
Robert Metcalf, one of the engineers of the Ethernet standard, formulated that the value of a network increase proportionally to the square of its participants. The more participants a network has, the greater the benefit for each individual. A growing network thus becomes more and more attractive and develops a pull effect on potential network participants through this positive feedback loop.
In the end, everyone is on Facebook because everyone is on Facebook. In other words: Network effects work for decentralized platforms as for centralized ones. However, this effect has a negative effect on many decentralized platforms via detours. In the early s, Google had shown how a central search index could render a decentralized network like the millions of websites on the WWW actually useful.
This was shortly before Facebook showed that it was possible to do without decentralized elements by simply letting users create the content directly on the platform. Both Google and Facebook show that central data storage has a special advantage: it can be searched. The lack of searchability is indeed one of the problems that blockchain technology has addressed with some success. Because all participants of the network can view and search all interactions in the network, network effects can unfold unhindered despite a lack of central data storage.
But this generates costs elsewhere.
ecozentrisch zum Wochenende
This is a file published in by WikiLeaks. A conference is planned to unveil the winner of an international competition for the design of this National Museum in April On April 28, , Art Newspaper reports that the conference has been cancelled due to street protests. To build a museum, a nation is not necessary. But if nations are a way to organize time and space, so is the museum. And as times and spaces change, so do museum spaces.
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In the current cryptocurrency landscape, there are many different ways to generate new assets and secure networks. Furthermore, the traditional mining approach may soon be a thing of the past due to growing energy consumption concerns. Therefore, to make cryptocurrency mainstream, more favorable and accessible mining solutions need to be explored. Cryptocurrency Mining Needs To […]. Market Cap: 24h Vol:. Cryptocurrencies: Toggle navigation. Read More. Most Read News.
Events science & tech events in Oberstdorf, Germany
Last updated October 30th, Skip to content. N Szabo. FP Sioshansi.
Nyheder2018dec19-2019jan09
Zum Beispiel historisch. Ich teile die Geschichte der Digitalisierung in vier Phasen ein, die nacheinander von den 80er Jahren bis heute reichen. Wir haben also die Rampe, brauchen wir noch die Beschleunigung. Die Annahme hierbei ist, dass jede Bewegung im Kern ihre Gegenbewegung immer schon mit hervorbringt. Es war die Zeit des Aufbruchs, der Demokratisierung des Computing. Remediation bezeichnet die Abbildung eines Mediums durch ein anderes Medium.
Najlepší výmenník kryptovej meny
On October 15th, Austria held its parliamentary election following the breakup of the coalition between social democrats and the center-right OVP. But, in the light of the latest election, why are there actually no Austrians in Austria anymore? Little did the Austrian people know that this would reveal itself to be a plan orchestrated by Sebastian Kurz, the center-right youth star, who became a member of the government at the tender age of With this young star, the party decided to gamble and appointed him as Chairman of the Party. Kurz is known for taking a tougher stance on immigration and flirting with the Austrian far-right.
Duty-Free Art
Scroll down or filter for a peek into our weird, wonderful ways. Was Charlotte destined for advertising, or was advertising destined for her? All work and no play makes Steve a kickass managing director. Steve has been working since he was eight years old, which is ironic, seeing as how his great-great-uncle helped pass the child labor law.
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Law and Financial Markets Review, 4 4. ISSN Zeitschrift fur Sozialreform, 56 2. Agrawal, Ashwini Corporate governance objectives of labor union shareholders: evidence from proxy voting. Review of Financial Studies, 25 1. Agrawal, Ashwini K.
Self-organized sessions used to be called "workshops", but we changed the naming to include everything - even if it's not hands-on or about making things - as long as it's done by YOU! On this page you can find a list of planned self-organized sessions by participants of the 34C3 and you'll find the necessary information to create your own one. The idea is to provide a global workshop and talk calendar: Everyone being at the 34C3 can look at this calendar to find out what self-organized sessions are currently running besides the "big" talks in the halls. To register your self-organized sessions just use the self-organized session form. It might even be great, if you give some information about the person and assembly performing the self-organized session and a rough start- and end-time for the schedule, as well as a location.
In his first speech as Prime Minister, Boris Johnson has delivered a promising outlook for the UK's tech and agricultural sector, by committing to a more innovation-prospering future after Brexit. Johnson mentions "a bioscience sector liberated from anti genetic modification rules… we will be the seedbed for the most exciting and most dynamic business investments on the planet. If you're reading op-eds in the Guardian and blog entries from certain environmentalist groups, you'd think that this is some sort of gift from the PM for the sake of inflating British business. They're mistaken, as unleashing scientific innovation in the United Kingdom means much more than that.
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