Mining farm price discrimination
Weeds are unwanted plants that grow among crops. These weeds can significantly reduce the yield and quality of the farm output. Unfortunately, site-specific weed management is not followed in most of the cases. That is, instead of treating a field with a specific type of herbicide, the field is treated with a broadcast herbicide application. This broadcast application of the herbicide has resulted in herbicide-resistant weeds and has many ill effects on the natural environment. This has prompted many research studies to seek the most effective weed management techniques.
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- Texas Republicans Who Want to Lure Bitcoin Mining Companies Should Be Very, Very Careful
- Police find bitcoin mine using stolen electricity in West Midlands
- Western frontier life in America
- A.A. POULTRY FARMS, INC. v. ROSE ACRE FARMS
- House Agriculture Committee to Explore Legacy of Discrimination Against Black Farmers
- Kazakhstan internet shutdown deals blow to global bitcoin mining operation
- Bitcoin: the economic issues at stake
- Closing the gender gap in African labor markets is good economics
- THE SEPARATION OF PLATFORMS AND COMMERCE
Texas Republicans Who Want to Lure Bitcoin Mining Companies Should Be Very, Very Careful
Download the full report in English. Bauxite from Guinea now makes up a large proportion of the aluminum used across the world in car and airplane parts and consumer products like beverage cans and tin foil. Mining companies use heavy machinery to remove any earth covering the bauxite and dynamite blasting to break up the ore found underneath.
A network of mining roads and railways, used to transport bauxite to ports, crisscross once isolated rural communities. Human Rights Watch interviewed over residents who have lost land to privately-owned mining developments. These are their stories. Mining companies take advantage of the ambiguous protection for rural land rights in Guinean law to expropriate ancestral farmlands without adequate compensation or for financial payments that cannot replace the benefits communities derived from land.
Women, who are primarily responsible for fetching water, are forced to walk longer distances or wait for long periods to obtain water from alternative sources. The dust produced by bauxite mining and transport smothers fields and enters homes, leaving families and health workers worried that reduced air quality threatens their health and environment.
Thousands of young people ransacked government buildings and erected informal checkpoints, preventing mining companies from operating.
Rural land is Guinea is typically organized by reference to customary i. Since the passage of a mining code, the government has also failed to pass regulations establishing compensation standards for land acquisitions in the mining sector—a missed opportunity to provide clearer protection for the land rights of rural farmers and communities. This interpretation allows companies to acquire land without the informed consent of rural farmers or without providing adequate compensation. CBG said it paid compensation in most cases and showed Human Rights Watch documented examples of compensation payments.
CBG in committed to deploy a new approach to compensation, in which farmers will receive replacement land from rehabilitated mining sites.
Although the financial compensation mining companies do pay—at times to the entire community, at times to individual farmers—can be a short-term windfall, it is difficult for subsistence farmers to use the money to develop sustainable sources of income in the longer term. But it has often left farmers without the resources, support or training needed to find new land or new livelihoods. Mining executives said that individuals often refuse to accept alternatives to financial compensation but acknowledge the need for mining companies to combine financial payments with other forms of support, including training on how to manage compensation payments and assistance developing new sources of food and income.
As things stand, civil society leaders said that, instead of reinvesting compensation money, farmers share it with family members, build new houses, or even send their children to Europe via the North Africa migration route. Dozens of farmers said that the impact of loss of land has been compounded by the damage caused by mining to remaining farmland, and other sources of livelihood, like fishing.
Why should we have to work like that? Although women participate in farming, the bulk of compensation for land belonging to families or communities is paid to men in family or community leadership roles. Land that men and women depended on and exploited is therefore replaced by financial compensation distributed only to a handful of largely male community leaders. While some men can at least obtain jobs at mining companies to replace lost income, women are rarely employed by mining companies, even though they are often responsible for finding alternative sources of food where land is lost to mining.
Unless managed appropriately, studies show that bauxite mining will have significant impacts on the hydrology of the surrounding landscape. Scores of residents told Human Rights Watch that they believe that mining had reduced water levels and quality in the local rivers, streams and wells that they rely on for washing, cooking and drinking, threatening the access to water of thousands of people.
In several communities adjacent to SMB mines, damage to natural water sources meant villagers were for long periods forced to rely on SMB to bring them water in tankers. Water scarcity means that women and girls, who are primarily responsible for fetching water, are forced to walk longer distances than they would ordinarily do, or wait longer to use overburdened remaining sources, such as boreholes or wells.
A woman from a village near an SMB consortium port said she wakes up at 4 a. They say they take steps to mitigate the impact of mining on local water sources and highlight their work to build boreholes and wells in mining-affected communities.
SMB told Human Rights Watch that the consortium has built or repaired boreholes in local communities and said that it is only aware of one location in which mining had damaged local waterways, where the situation had been quickly remedied.
But SMB, which conducted little or no monitoring of water quality or availability during the first three years it operated, lacks the data needed to support the contention that its operations have not affected access to water.
The consortium told Human Rights Watch it began a water quality and availability monitoring program in CBG has for decades built, operated and maintained a water treatment system and pipe network that provides running water to large areas of Sangaredi town, where its mines are located, and the neighborhoods where its workers live in the port town of Kamsar.
The responsibility for monitoring the impact of mining on local water sources, however, belongs to mining companies, not local communities. Until , CBG did not deploy the necessary monitoring tools—such as a model tracking the impact of mining on the flow of local rivers, streams and groundwater—to adequately track the impact of mining on water levels. CBG said it is now developing the monitoring tools that will allow the company to understand the impact of mining on local water sources.
Villagers, many of whom said they believe mining is already contributing to respiratory illnesses, worry about longer-term health impacts. Doctors and health workers who spoke to Human Rights Watch said that, given the absence of public air quality monitoring data by mining companies and the lack of reliable local government health statistics, it is impossible to draw firm conclusions on potential associations between mining and respiratory illnesses.
Many are worried, however, that reduced air quality from mining activities could contribute to negative health outcomes. The dust blown from open-sky bauxite mines and storage areas and displaced from the roads on which the ore is transported is not normally more toxic than other forms of dust. But the World Health Organization WHO has said that exposure to any fine particle dust, which makes up a portion of the dust produced by mining activities, can cause, trigger or exacerbate respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
Vehicle exhaust emissions are also a proven cause of respiratory illness. SMB denies that its activities are negatively impacting air quality and health. After initially operating with far from adequate mitigation measures for limiting dust emissions, SMB significantly lowered dust levels on its mining roads in the dry season by more frequently watering its mining roads. Communities remain concerned, however, about the impact on air quality of both exhaust emissions and dust, even if dust levels have somewhat reduced.
SMB began conducting its own air quality testing in but said that the results will not be made public until the end of CBG began comprehensive air quality monitoring in and has not yet released updated public data, although it told Human Rights Watch in July that its monitoring shows that air quality, including particulate matter, is within the highest-level targets established by the WHO.
Community leaders told Human Rights Watch that mining companies often do not promptly or meaningfully respond to their complaints about the impacts of bauxite mining on their land, livelihoods, health and water sources. CBG has since implemented a new grievance mechanism, in which minor complaints are dealt with by community relations staff but serious or persistent problems are elevated to senior management.
Local officials said that, while the new mechanism is slow, they believe CBG does make a good faith effort to resolve complaints. Communities where the SMB consortium operates said that, while community relations staff meets frequently with residents, these meetings rarely lead to action to address complaints.
Where communities asked local authorities to mediate with mining companies, many residents said this often did not lead to the resolution of issues. Of course, once we left, CBG continued their work regardless. Although women are acutely impacted by loss of land to mining, reduced access to water, and concerns over health, strong social norms that discourage women from equal participation in village governance mean that women face barriers in lodging complaints.
The capacity and resources of the government agencies that oversee the mining industry have improved in recent years, due in part to training and equipment from international donors. Indeed, despite deficiencies with the environmental and social impact assessments first submitted by SMB, the government allowed the project to rapidly move forward, leading to tangible environmental and social consequences for communities.
We knew already broadly what the impacts of mining would be. SMB in February commissioned an international consultancy to update its impact assessments and revise its management plan. However, environment ministry officials acknowledged that it is difficult for the government to close large-scale, profitable projects.
Although the government can in principle fine companies in breach of environmental obligations, national and local officials said that they believe that the contribution of mining to the Guinean economy protects companies from government sanctions.
A lack of transparency from mining companies and the Guinean government regarding the social and environmental impacts of mining compounds the absence of effective state oversight. Civil society organizations and even local officials often struggle to obtain copies of impact assessments, environmental social management plans, inspection reports, audits and monitoring data. The government should begin by enacting long-delayed regulations establishing a uniform compensation process and standards for land acquisitions in the mining sector.
The government, with support from international donors, should also strengthen national and local-level government institutions to enable them to provide effective and more regular supervision of mining companies. To enable civil society organizations to supplement government oversight, the government should ensure greater transparency in the sector, including by requiring publication of environmental and social impact assessments ESIAs , environmental and social management plans ESMPs , government and company periodic monitoring reports, and public data—from both companies and the government—on the health and environmental impacts of mining.
Although the Guinean government bears the primary responsibility for protecting communities, companies also have an obligation to ensure that their activities do not result in negative environmental, social and human rights impacts. Companies should provide replacement land or livelihood restoration assistance to households who lose land to mining, ensuring that any financial compensation is provided in a way that promotes economic self-sufficiency.
In view of the distinctive impact of mining on women, and the barriers they face in airing grievances, companies should consult regularly with women and ensure that remedies include specific solutions for women. Companies should also monitor air quality and water levels and quality, publish the results and publicly explain potential health impacts. Finally, they should ensure that their staff are adequately resourced and trained to effectively monitor the impacts of mining and establish effective grievance mechanisms to remedy adverse consequences.
International financial institutions, including the IFC, should ensure companies meet the standards required by loan agreements, including through regular monitoring of compliance and, where necessary, appropriate sanctions. Where mining companies fail to meet their obligations, the Guinean government and parliament should hold them accountable. While a development-focused government might want to attract investment into the sector, it should also fine, suspend or stop mining projects where companies egregiously or persistently flout the environmental, social and human protections enshrined in Guinean law.
This report documents how the practices of mining companies, when combined with inadequate government oversight, upend the lives and livelihoods of rural communities. It is based on research conducted between March and April , including field visits to Guinea in March, April and July , and January and April , and advocacy trips in October and July These projects were chosen because they were the two biggest exporters of bauxite in Guinea in Local government officials in Guinea include those nominated directly by the executive, whose role is to represent the central government at the regional level through a governor , in prefectures through prefects and in subprefectures through subprefects.
These elected officials, which are led by a mayor in urban communes and a president in a CRD, manage the budget and development program of the local area. In total, we visited 17 communities. Human Rights Watch typically began visits to communities, including repeat visits, with a group interview with community leaders, before conducting individual interviews with community members impacted by mining, including women. Group interviews lasted one to three hours.
Individual interviews lasted 30 minutes to two hours. Interviewees were not compensated. Human Rights Watch conducted most interviews with community members in local languages, with translation into French.
Group interviews were typically conducted in village meeting places, often in the open air. Individual interviews were conducted in a variety of locations, including homes or in secluded open-air settings. We also interviewed independent human rights analysts, researchers, environmental scientists, medical personnel, public health experts, civil society organizations, activists, and lawyers working on mining issues in Guinea.
Respondents verbally consented to be interviewed and were informed of the purpose of the interview, its voluntary nature, and the ways in which the data would be used. Human Rights Watch informed interviewees that they could decline to answer questions or could end the interview at any time.
Community members we interviewed typically asked not to be identified, fearing reprisals from the government or mining companies, but agreed that we could use the name of their village, which we have done in this report. While some government officials agreed to be identified, the name of others, particularly those discussing sensitive information, have been withheld to prevent possible reprisals.
Their responses were integrated into this report, while the complete letters are available on our website. We also met with the leadership of several other mining companies and representatives of the International Finance Corporation, both in Guinea and in Washington, D.
Such measures included working with Guinean female researchers and interpreters, meeting with women individually and in groups to explain the aims of the research and seeking advice from experts on gender and mining. Human Rights Watch also reviewed secondary data sources, including laws, government documents, reports from nongovernmental organizations NGOs and research institutes, and maps. We used satellite imagery to assess how mining has affected land use and to understand when mining projects began construction and exploitation.
While at times in the report Human Rights Watch has drawn on research related to the bauxite sector as a whole, the report does not purport to draw specific conclusions on other mining companies or projects operating in Guinea. Guinea is a small, resource-rich country in West Africa, with a population of approximately
Police find bitcoin mine using stolen electricity in West Midlands
Four million workers in the United States are involved in farming and industrial production of food from animal protein. These individuals, many of whom are women and people of color, play a vital role in helping to meet the public health goal of ensuring an accessible supply of nutritious food. Yet many of these individuals are not paid livable wages, they work in hazardous conditions and face discrimination, and some are excluded from certain labor law protections. A sustainable food system must integrate just and equitable labor practices along with the goals of food safety, accessibility, environmental protection, and animal welfare. Health disparities among farmworkers and food production workers can be addressed through policies ensuring that labor laws are extended to farmworkers, labor standards are enforced by government agencies, employers comply with worker safety and wage laws, firms involved in crop production and animal protein processing adopt equitable labor practices, and businesses integrate equitable labor practices into their corporate sustainability programs. More than 4 million workers in the United States are directly involved in tending crops and livestock, picking and packaging produce, and slaughtering and processing meat, poultry, and seafood. Yet, in the case of many of these workers, their job adversely affects their health.
Western frontier life in America
In Guatemala, a history of discrimination and inequality of opportunity led to a year conflict that finally subsided with a Peace Agreement in Improvements since then have prevented a return to conflict and begun to create the conditions for sustained stability. Land distribution is highly unequal. The largest 2. Multiple unresolved land disputes and ineffective mechanisms to resolve them discourage investment and reduce the potential contribution of agriculture to improvements in rural living standards and overall economic growth. Increases in ongoing donor assistance to empower communities in resource management of this valuable forest system would help Guatemala achieve a greater, more sustainable yield from its forests and reduce the rate of deforestation. Guatemala still lacks a basic land law that describes basic tenure types and addresses indigenous rights to land. These shortcomings make it difficult to resolve land conflicts, and leave the indigenous population without the means to obtain legal certainty regarding their interests and rights to land. Women are prevented from enjoying legal rights to land and are insecure in their access due to patriarchal customs and attitudes.
A.A. POULTRY FARMS, INC. v. ROSE ACRE FARMS
This won't really do anything for availability or reducing scalper pricing. Miners are a sizeable proportion of sales but far from the majority. GPU prices won't actually change. The real reason Nvidia is doing this is that when mining profitability inevitably drops, either because of a crypto price crash or Ethereum moving to Proof of Stake, the miners will flood the used market and ruin Nvidia's profits for a few quarters.
House Agriculture Committee to Explore Legacy of Discrimination Against Black Farmers
Get the best experience and stay connected to your community with our Spectrum News app. Learn More. He grew up on a acre tobacco farm in LaRue County and now runs his own acre operation in Bonnieville. For decades Black farmers have detailed how they have been shut out of loan programs by the Department of Agriculture but Cleaver credits the loan officer he most recently worked with for ushering him through a nearly year-long process. I do not.
Kazakhstan internet shutdown deals blow to global bitcoin mining operation
What is interesting about the video is the particular RTX cards shown and how he acquired them for his crypto mining factory. Suspected marijuana plant raid turns into crypto mining farm discovery. More in the tweet below:. None of these cards were bought directly from Nvidia. All 30 series cards were bought from small businesses, at a premium. None of these cards were bought a retail. Almost all s in this building.
Bitcoin: the economic issues at stake
A handful of digital platforms mediate a growing share of online commerce and communications. By structuring access to markets, these firms function as gatekeepers for billions of dollars in economic activity. This Article argues that the potential hazards of integration by dominant tech platforms invite recovering structural separations.
Closing the gender gap in African labor markets is good economics
RELATED VIDEO: Inside the Largest Bitcoin Mine in The U.S. - WIREDPicture Pioneers traveled in wagon trains. Western frontier life in America describes one of the most exciting periods in the history of the United States. From to , swift and widespread changes transformed the American West. At the beginning of that period, a great variety of Native American cultures dominated most parts of the region.
THE SEPARATION OF PLATFORMS AND COMMERCE
This is a requirement that is met by the Bitcoin network, which ensures no double-spending occurs. The creation of Bitcoins is determined by the mining process. Each block that is mined generates Bitcoins. Their design stipulates that the amount per mined block be divided by 2 for every , blocks, to obtain a total amount of Bitcoins in circulation of excluding those that are lost 21 million. This monetary rule is monitored by the Bitcoin Foundation consortium, as we will discuss later in this article. The monetary rule can therefore be modified to respond to fluctuating market conditions, which can result in a hard fork.
The incentive to move and settled on western territory was open to all U. Montana, followed by North Dakota, Colorado and Nebraska had the most successful claims. Native Americans were forced from their lands and onto reservations to make way for homesteaders.
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