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The BIS hosts nine international organisations engaged in standard setting and the pursuit of financial stability through the Basel Process. Read the original on the Basler Zeitung website here. The year-old economist earned the respect of not only fellow citizens but also his central bank colleagues around the globe. They pay homage to him as a brilliant, exceptionally gifted economist. His fellow academics in Chicago, where he gained a doctorate, praise him also for his patience and his humour.

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• Cryptic crosswords too confusing? Decipher them with these seven common clue recipes
• Saved by the Bill: What if... Microsoft had killed Windows 95?
• 'Inconvenient and Expensive': Wedding Invite Banning Kids Branded 'Tone Deaf' Online
• The GameStop stock frenzy, explained
• Robinhood slammed over crypto outage during Dogecoin surge
• Recreational Water Illnesses
• Allegri irritated by Juve criticism after Spurs slip
• Scams telling you to pay with Bitcoin on the rise

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Cryptic crosswords too confusing? Decipher them with these seven common clue recipes

Michael S. Saag, Richard J. Graybill, Robert A. Larsen, Peter G. Pappas, John R. Perfect, William G. Powderly, Jack D. Sobel, William E. Opinion regarding optimal treatment was based on personal experience and information in the literature. The relative strength of each recommendation was graded according to the type and degree of evidence available to support the recommendation, in keeping with previously published guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America IDSA.

The panel conferred in person on 2 occasions , by conference call, and through written reviews of each draft of the manuscript. The choice of treatment for disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans depends on both the anatomic sites of involvement and the host's immune status. In each case, careful assessment of the CNS is required to rule out occult meningitis.

For patients with more severe disease, treatment with amphotericin B 0. For otherwise healthy hosts with CNS disease, standard therapy consists of amphotericin B, 0.

An alternative to this regimen is amphotericin B 0. HIV-negative, immunocompromised hosts should be treated in the same fashion as those with CNS disease, regardless of the site of involvement.

Cryptococcal disease that develops in patients with HIV infection always warrants therapy. Although the ultimate impact from highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART is currently unclear, it is recommended that all HIV-infected individuals continue maintenance therapy for life. Among patients with HIV infection and cryptococcal meningitis, induction therapy with amphotericin B 0. Fluconazole should be continued for life. Induction therapy beginning with an azole alone is generally discouraged.

Lipid formulations of amphotericin B can be substituted for amphotericin B for patients whose renal function is impaired. In all cases of cryptococcal meningitis, careful attention to the management of intracranial pressure is imperative to assure optimal clinical outcome.

As is true for other systemic mycoses, treatment of disease due to C. Before , disseminated cryptococcal disease was uniformly fatal. During the early s, flucytosine was established as an orally bioavailable agent with potent activity against C. When flucytosine was added to amphotericin B as combination therapy, overall outcome of therapy was improved and the duration of treatment could be reduced from 10 weeks to 4—6 weeks, depending on the status of the host [ 1 , 3 ].

Beginning in the s, orally bioavailable azole antifungal agents with activity against C. At approximately the same time, the incidence of cryptococcal infections rose dramatically, due in large part to the explosion of the AIDS epidemic around the world and the use of more potent immunosuppressive agents by increasing numbers of solid organ transplant recipients [ 4 ]. As the overall incidence of cryptococcal disease has increased so has the number of treatment options available to treat the disease.

At the present time, in addition to amphotericin B and flucytosine, other drugs, namely fluconazole, itraconazole, and lipid formulations of amphotericin B, are available to treat cryptococcal infections.

These agents can be used alone or in combination with other agents with varying degrees of success. Some of the treatment regimens currently in use have not been studied in randomized clinical trials, but rather are used on the basis of anecdotal reports or open-label phase II studies. As a result, most clinicians are uncertain about which agents to use for which underlying disease state, in what combination, and for what duration.

It is notable that, despite the relatively short time AIDS has been in existence, more data now exist on the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis than on the treatment of any other form of cryptococcal infection. The presentation of pulmonary cryptococcosis can range from asymptomatic nodular disease to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS.

Classic symptoms of pneumonitis, including cough, fever, and sputum production, may be present, or pleural symptoms may predominate. The lung is the principal route of entry for infection. The presence of a positive serum cryptococcal antigen titer implies deep tissue invasion and a high likelihood of disseminated disease. The organism has a strong predilection for infecting the CNS; however, infection has been reported in virtually every organ in the body. The goal of treatment is cure of the infection and prevention of dissemination of disease to the CNS.

Few studies have been conducted that specifically evaluate outcomes among HIV-negative patients with pulmonary or non-CNS disease. Therefore, the specific treatment of choice and the optimal duration of treatment have not been fully elucidated for HIV-negative patients. It is clear that all immunocompromised patients require treatment, since they are at high risk for development of disseminated infection.

Patients with symptoms need treatment. Although all asymptomatic patients with positive cultures should be considered for treatment, many immunocompetent patients with positive sputum cultures have done well without therapy [ 5 ]. However, patients with nonpulmonary, extraneural e. Surgery should be performed for patients with persistent or refractory pulmonary or bone disease, but it is rarely needed. The desired outcome is resolution of symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, sputum production, chest pain, fever, and resolution or stabilization of abnormalities infiltrates, nodules, or masses on chest radiograph.

In cases of extrapulmonary, non-CNS disease, resolution of symptoms and signs, as well as other markers of disease e. Specific recommendations for the treatment of non-HIV-associated cryptococcal pulmonary disease are summarized in table 1. Regardless of the treatment chosen, it is imperative that all patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary cryptococcal disease have a lumbar puncture performed to rule out concomitant CNS infection.

Immunocompetent patients who are asymptomatic and who have a culture of the lung that is positive for C. The toxicity of amphotericin B limits its utility as a desired agent in the treatment of mild-to-moderate pulmonary disease among immunocompetent hosts. However, if oral azole therapy cannot be given, or the pulmonary disease is severe or progressive, amphotericin B is recommended, 0.

Ketoconazole has in vitro activity against C. Preferred treatment options for cryptococcal disease in HIV-negative patients. Although no retrospective or prospective studies have been conducted to investigate treatment options for such patients, they should probably be treated with antifungal therapy AIII. Benefits and harms. Early, appropriate treatment of non-CNS pulmonary and extrapulmonary cryptococcosis reduces morbidity and prevents progression to potentially life-threatening CNS disease.

Among patients with solid organ transplants, aggressive treatment of early cryptococcal disease may prevent loss of the transplanted organ. Drug-related toxicities and development of adverse drug-drug interactions are the principal potential harms of therapeutic intervention. Drug acquisition costs are high for antifungal therapies administered for 6—12 months.

Additional costs are accrued for monthly monitoring and supervision of therapies associated with most of the recommended regimens. CNS disease usually presents as meningitis and on rare occasions as single or multiple focal mass lesions cryptococcomas. The CNS disease may be associated with concurrent pneumonia or with other evidence of disseminated disease, such as focal skin lesions, but most commonly presents as solitary CNS infection without other manifestations of disease.

Whether the CNS disease is associated with involvement of other body sites, treatment remains the same. The goal of treatment is cure of the infection CSF sterilization and prevention of long-term CNS system sequelae, such as cranial nerve palsies, hearing loss, and blind-ness. In contrast to non-CNS disease, several studies have been performed that specifically evaluate outcomes among HIV-negative patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of amphotericin B, with or without flucytosine, have elucidated the optimal length of therapy for HIV-negative, immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts.

However, no randomized studies in these population groups have been completed in the era of triazole therapy. The desired outcome is resolution of abnormalities, such as fever, headache, altered mental status, meningeal signs, elevated intracranial pressure, and cranial nerve abnormalities.

In cases of CNS mass lesions cryptococcomas , radiographic resolution of lesions is the desired outcome. Specific recommendations for the treatment of non-HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis are summarized in table 1. Most immunocompetent patients will be treated successfully with 6 weeks of combination therapy [ 1 , 3 ] AI ; however, owing to the requirement of iv therapy for an extended period of time and the relative toxicity of the regimen, alternatives to this approach have been advocated.

Despite the absence of controlled clinical trial data from HIV-negative populations of patients, a frequently used alternative treatment for cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompetent patients is an induction course of amphotericin B 0. This recommendation is extrapolated from the treatment experience of patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis [ 11 , 13 ].

Pilot studies that have investigated fluconazole with flucytosine as initial therapy yielded unsatisfactory outcomes [ 7 ]. A lumbar puncture is recommended after 2 weeks of treatment to assess the status of CSF sterilization. Patients with a positive culture at 2 weeks may require a longer course of induction therapy.

Immunosuppressed patients, such as solid organ transplant recipients, require more prolonged therapy [ 3 ]. Therapy with amphotericin B 0. For both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients with significant renal disease, lipid formulations of amphotericin B may be substituted for amphotericin B during the induction phase [ 12 ] CIII. For patients who are unable to tolerate fluconazole, itraconazole mg twice daily may be substituted CIII. All patients should be monitored closely for evidence of elevated intracranial pressure and managed in a fashion similar to HIV-positive patients see below.

Treatment decisions should not be based routinely or exclusively on cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen titers in either the serum or CSF [ 31 , 34 ] AI. Intrathecal or intraventricular amphotericin B may be used in refractory cases where systemic administration of antifungal therapy has failed. Owing to its inherent toxicity and difficulty of administration, this therapy is recommended only in this salvage setting [ 14 ] CII.

Early, appropriate treatment of cryptococcal meningitis reduces both morbidity and mortality. Drug-related toxicities and development of adverse drug-drug interactions are the principal harms of therapeutic intervention.

Toxic side effects of amphotericin B are common and include nausea, vomiting, chills, fever, and rigors, which can occur with each dose. The most troublesome toxic side effect is renal injury, including elevation of the serum creatinine, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and renal tubular acidosis.

In addition, anemia occurs frequently and thrombocytemia occurs occasionally possibly as a result of exposure to heparin. It is necessary to carefully monitor serum electrolytes, renal function, and bone marrow function.

Additional costs are accrued for daily, weekly, and monthly monitoring of therapies associated with most of the recommended regimens. Pneumonia is thought to herald the onset of disseminated disease. Cryptococcal pneumonia is usually characterized by fever and cough that produces scant sputum. There is little to distinguish cryptococcal pneumonia from other causes of atypical pneumonia in HIV-infected patients.

Saved by the Bill: What if... Microsoft had killed Windows 95?

Norton is owned by Tempe, Ariz. In , the identity theft protection company LifeLock was acquired by Symantec Corp. Only you have access to the wallet. NortonLifeLock began offering the mining service in July , and early news coverage of the program did not immediately receive widespread attention. That changed on Jan. NortonLifeLock says Norton Crypto is an opt-in feature only and is not enabled without user permission. However, many users have reported difficulty removing the mining program.

'Inconvenient and Expensive': Wedding Invite Banning Kids Branded 'Tone Deaf' Online

By continuing to use our service, you agree to our use of cookies. Cookies are used to offer you a better browsing experience and to analyze our traffic. We also use them to share usage information with our partners. See full details. Search Results. Company Profile and bullboard matches: V. BTCW , T.

The GameStop stock frenzy, explained

Thanks for contacting us. We've received your submission. Robinhood said its crypto trading service started going haywire by 10 p. Thursday — just as the price of the meme-inspired currency started spiking. The digital currency — which started as a joke — jumped further Friday morning to a new all-time high near 33 cents before paring the gain to trade at

Robinhood slammed over crypto outage during Dogecoin surge

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Recreational Water Illnesses

Contextual advertising is a form of targeted advertising for advertisements appearing on websites or other media, such as content displayed in mobile browsers. In context targeting, advertising media are controlled on the basis of the content of a website using linguistic elements. The advertisements themselves are selected and served by automated systems based on the context of what a user is looking at. A contextual advertising system scans the text of a website for keywords and returns advertisements to the webpage based on those keywords. For example, if the user is viewing a website pertaining to sports and that website uses contextual advertising, the user may see advertisements for sports-related companies, such as memorabilia dealers or ticket sellers.

Allegri irritated by Juve criticism after Spurs slip

Adware, also known as advertisement-supported software, generates revenue for its developers by automatically generating adverts on your screen, usually within a web browser. Adware is typically created for computers but can also be found on mobile devices. Some forms of adware are highly manipulative and create an open door for malicious programs. Adware is software that displays unwanted and sometimes irritating pop-up adverts which can appear on your computer or mobile device.

Scams telling you to pay with Bitcoin on the rise

RELATED VIDEO: What is Bitcoin? Bitcoin Explained Simply for Dummies

The conceptual distinction between payments methods that are based on tokens e. There are other differences I could point to. Tokens can be stored separately, potentially providing better protection for the unaccessed portion of the funds. But I regularly hear computer science professionals say that the distinction between tokens and accounts is meaningless—or more charitably, that it is irrelevant in the brave new world of cryptocurrencies and other revolutionary electronic payments methods. That is fine, and repeated attempts to ask computer specialists questions like that explains their irritation. The mistake comes, however, when the specialist replies that the distinction is meaningless or that there is no real distinction between tokens and accounts.

The most common symptoms caused by recreational water illnesses are diarrhea , skin rashes , ear pain , cough or congestion , and eye pain. You can get recreational water illnesses if you swallow, have contact with, or breathe in mists or aerosols from water contaminated with germs. You can also get them by having contact with chemicals that are in the water or that evaporate from the water and turn into gas in the air. Diarrhea is the most common recreational water illness. People who are already sick with diarrhea can spread it to others when they get in recreational water. People typically have about 0.

Shah also suggests Almay for sensitive skin, which is a brand that prides itself on using mainly gentle ingredients. Eyeliners that give you the definition you want, from high drama to naturally pretty. Hypoallergenic products are formulated to be free of parabens, dyes, fragrances, and other common irritants.