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Cryptocurrency Wallets
One-click social logins via Facebook, Google, or GitHub are better, but they come with data privacy trade-offs. This article introduces a one-click, cryptographically-secure login flow using MetaMask, with all data stored on the app's own back-end.
One-click social login functionality via Facebook, Google, or GitHub turns out to be a much more desirable alternative. However, it comes with a trade-off. This article introduces a new login method to blockchain development : A one-click, cryptographically-secure login flow using the MetaMask extension , with all data stored on our own back end.
If you manage to sign a precise piece of data generated by our back end, then the back end will consider you the owner of that public address. Please note that while we will be using tools connected to the Ethereum blockchain MetaMask, Ethereum public addresses , this login process does not actually need the blockchain: It only needs its cryptography functions. That being said, with MetaMask becoming such a popular extension , now seems a good time to introduce this login flow. At its core, it serves as an Ethereum wallet: By installing it, you will get access to a unique Ethereum public address, with which you can start sending and receiving ether or tokens.
But MetaMask does something more than an Ethereum wallet. It does so by injecting a JavaScript library called web3. Once injected, a web3 object will be available via window. To have a look at what this object looks like, just type window. When MetaMask is installed, any front-end code can get access to all these functions, and interact with the blockchain.
Most functions in web3. However, some functions like web3. These functions trigger MetaMask to show a confirmation screen, to double-check that the user knows what she or he is signing.
To make a simple test, paste the following line in the DevTools console:. This command means: Sign my message, converted from utf8 to hex, with the coinbase account i.
A MetaMask popup will appear, and if you sign it, the signed message will be printed. A final note about this section: MetaMask injects web3. However, in my opinion, MetaMask offers today the best UX and simplest transition for regular users to explore dapps.
As stated in the overview, we will forget about the blockchain. We have a traditional Web 2. We will make one assumption: That all users visiting our front-end web page have MetaMask installed.
With this assumption, we will show how a passwordless cryptographically-secure login flow works. First of all, our User model needs to have two new required fields: publicAddress and nonce. Additionally, publicAddress needs to be unique. The signup process will also slightly differ, as publicAddress will be a required field on signup, if the user wishes to use a MetaMask login. Rest assured, the user will never need to type their publicAddress manually, since it can be fetched via web3. For each user in the database, generate a random string in the nonce field.
For example, nonce can be a big random integer. In our front-end JavaScript code, assuming MetaMask is present, we have access to window. We can therefore call web3.
When the user clicks on the login button, we fire an API call to the back end to retrieve the nonce associated with their public address. Of course, since this is an unauthenticated API call, the back end should be configured to only show public information including nonce on this route. Once the front end receives nonce in the response of the previous API call, it runs the following code:. This will prompt MetaMask to show a confirmation popup for signing the message.
When she or he accepts it, the callback function will be called with the signed message called signature as an argument. In particular it fetches the associated nonce. Having the nonce, the public address, and the signature, the back end can then cryptographically verify that the nonce has been correctly signed by the user.
If this is the case, then the user has proven ownership of the public address, and we can consider her or him authenticated. A JWT or session identifier can then be returned to the front end. To prevent the user from logging in again with the same signature in case it gets compromised , we make sure that the next time the same user wants to log in, she or he needs to sign a new nonce.
This is achieved by generating another random nonce for this user and persisting it to the database. Authentication, by definition, is really only the proof of ownership of an account. To prevent the case where a hacker gets hold of one particular message and your signature of it but not your actual private key , we enforce the message to sign to be:.
We changed it after each successful login in our explanation, but a timestamp-based mechanism could also be imagined. I created a small demo app for the purpose of this article. I try to use as few libraries as I can. I hope the code is simple enough so that you can easily port it to other tech stacks. The whole project can be seen in this GitHub repository. A demo is hosted here. Two fields are required: publicAddress and nonce.
We initialize nonce as a random big number. This number should be changed after each successful login. I also added an optional username field here that the user would be able to change. To make it simple, I set the publicAddress field as lowercase. A more rigorous implementation would add a validation function to check that all addresses here are valid Ethereum addresses.
Switching to the front-end code, when the user clicks on the login button, our handleClick handler does the following:.
Here, we are retrieving the MetaMask active account with web3. Then we check whether this publicAddress is already present or not on the back end. We either retrieve it, if the user already exists, or if not, we create a new account in the handleSignup method. We now have in our possession a user given by the back end be it retrieved or newly created. In particular, we have their nonce and publicAddress. This is done in the handleSignMessage function. Do note that web3. We need to convert our UTFencoded string to hex format using web3.
When the user has successfully signed the message, we move onto the handleAuthenticate method. This is the slightly more complicated part. The first step is to retrieve from the database the user with said publicAddress ; there is only one because we defined publicAddress as a unique field in the database. The next block is the verification itself. There is some cryptography involved. If you feel adventurous I recommend you reading more about elliptic curve signatures.
To summarize this block, what it does is, given our msg containing the nonce and our signature , the ecrecover function outputs the public address used to sign the msg. If it matches our publicAddress from the request body, then the user who made the request successfully proved their ownership of publicAddress.
We consider them authenticated. On successful authentication, the back end generates a JWT and sends it back to the client. This is a classic authentication scheme, and the code for integrating JWT with your back end you can find in the repo. The final step is to change the nonce, for security reasons. Somewhere after the successful authentication, add this code:. Of course, a MetaMask login flow can perfectly well be used in parallel with other traditional login methods.
A mapping needs to be done between each account and the public address es it holds. As we have seen, web3 is a prerequisite for this login flow. On desktop browsers, MetaMask injects it. There are some standalone mobile browsers which inject web3 —basically MetaMask wrapped up in a browser. They are pretty early-stage as of this writing, but if you are interested, have a look at Cipher , Status , and Toshi. Basically, you would need to rebuild a simple Ethereum wallet yourself.
This includes public address generation, seed word recovery, and secure private key storage, as well as web3. Fortunately, there are libraries to help you.
The crucial area to focus on is naturally security, as the app itself holds the private key. On desktop browsers, we delegated this task to MetaMask.
So I would argue that the short answer is no, this login flow does not work on mobile today. Effort is being put in this direction, but the easy solution today remains a parallel traditional login method for mobile users.
We explained how a digital signature of a back end-generated random nonce can prove ownership of an account, and therefore provide authentication. Even though the target audience of such a login flow is still small today, I sincerely hope that some of you feel inspired to offer Login with MetaMask in your own web app, in parallel to traditional login flows—and I would love to hear about it if you do.
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SolFlare also supports staking of SOL tokens. As a non-custodial wallet, your private keys are not stored by the SolFlare site itself, but rather they are stored in an encrypted Keystore File or on a Ledger Nano S or X hardware wallet. This guide describes how to set up a wallet using SolFlare, how to send and receive SOL tokens, and how to create and manage a stake account. Most popular web browsers should work when interacting with a Keystore File, but currently only Chrome and Brave are supported when interacting with a Ledger Nano. Follow the prompts to create a password which will be used to encrypt your Keystore file, and then to download the new file to your computer. You will be prompted to then upload the Keystore file back to the site to verify that the download was saved correctly. NOTE: If you lose your Keystore file or the password used to encrypt it, any funds in that wallet will be lost permanently.
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The docs are updated for Electrum 4. Please follow the instructions to install the development version. Do not forget the submodule update command. Create a wallet on your protected machine, as you want to keep your cryptocurrency safe.
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