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Covid Watch then helped other groups like the TCN Coalition and MIT SafePaths [14] implement the TCN Protocol within their open source projects to further the development of decentralized technology and foster global interoperability of contact tracing and exposure alerting apps, a key aspect of achieving widespread adoption. Each client on the network then collects the reports from the server and independently checks their local contact logs for a TCN contained in the report. If a matching TCN is found, then the user has come in close contact with an infected patient, and is warned by the client.
Since each device locally verifies contact logs, and thus contact logs are never transmitted to third parties, the central reporting server cannot by itself ascertain the identity or contact log of any client in the network. This is in contrast to competing protocols like BlueTrace, where the central reporting server receives and processes client contact logs.
The entire protocol is based on the principle of temporary contact numbers TCN , a unique and anonymous bit identifier generated deterministically from a seed value on a client device. TCNs are used to identify people with which a user has come in contact, and the seed is used to compactly report infection to a central reporting server.
TCN reports are authenticated to be genuine by a secret held only by the client. In the reference implementation this pair is created using the Ed signature scheme. The following diagram demonstrates the key derivation process:.
TCNs are unique to each device encounter, and RAK-RVK pairs are cycled at regular intervals to allow a client to report only specific periods of contact. However, there is no upper limit to encounters calculated using the same RAK-RVK pair, which is why they are cycled often.
In the report structure, the memo is a space for freeform messages that differ between TCN implementations. The section is between 2 and bytes, and made up of a tag identifying the specific implementation, as well as a data and data length pair.
The data is standardized for different tags, and can be as follows:. The protocol can be divided into two responsibilities: an encounter between two devices running TCN apps, and the notification of potential infection to users that came in contact with a patient. For the purposes of this specification, these areas are named the encounter handshake , and infection reporting.
The encounter handshake runs on Bluetooth LE and defines how two devices acknowledge each other's presence. The infection reporting is built on HTTPS and defines how infection notices are distributed among clients. When two devices come within range of each other, they exchange a handshake containing TCNs. In order to achieve this the encounter handshake operates in two modes both with two sub-modes , broadcast oriented and connection oriented.
Broadcast oriented operates using the modes broadcaster and observer, while connection oriented operates using peripheral and central. The two modes are used to circumvent certain device limitations, particularly in regard to iOS restrictions in place before version In broadcast mode, a broadcaster advertises a byte TCN using the service data field of the advertisement data.
The observer reads the TCN from this field. In connection-oriented mode, the peripheral advertises using the UUID. The service exposes a read and writeable packet for sharing TCNs. After sharing a TCN, the central disconnects from the peripheral. When a user tests positive for infection, they upload a signed report, allowing the past 14 days of encounters to be calculated, to a central server. On a regular basis, client devices download reports from the server and check their local contact logs using the verification algorithm.
If there is a matching record, the app notifies the user to potential infection. On 5 April , the global TCN Coalition was founded by Covid Watch and other groups that had coalesced around what was essentially the same approach and largely overlapping protocols, with the goal to reduce fragmentation, and enable global interoperability of tracing and alerting apps, a key aspect of achieving widespread adoption.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Proximity contact tracing protocol. Covid Watch. Retrieved Stanford News. Internet Archive.
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TCN Protocol
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