Iso 509 defines blockchain standards

Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. This chapter examines the integration of GS1 standards with the functional components of blockchain technology as an approach to realize a coherent standardized framework of industry-based tools for successful food supply chains FSCs transformation. The globalization of food systems has engendered significant changes to the operation and structure of FSCs. Alongside increasing consumer demands for safe and sustainable food products, FSCs are challenged with issues related to information transparency and consumer trust.

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Iso 509 defines blockchain standards

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Content:

• 1. Introduction
• Digital standards
• A blockchain approach to digital archiving: digital signature certification chain preservation
• Optimizing global food supply chains: The case for blockchain and GSI standards
• ISO/TC 307
• Payment data cryptography for merchants
• Does the W3C Still Believe in Tim Berners-Lee’s Vision of Decentralization?

WATCH RELATED VIDEO: Panel: Blockchain Standards, Open Source, or Both?... Ron Resnick, Victoria Lee \u0026 Brian Behlendorf

1. Introduction

To browse Academia. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Tim Menapace. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. This is supposed to set a framework for future security research in the blockchain sphere. Es wird klar, dass die zu Grunde liegende Architektur entscheidend ist.

Blockchain community members are often ideologically driven. Until today society relied heavily on intermediaries, when it comes to transfer of money or assets in general. These intermediaries ensure authentication of trading partners, record keeping of transactions and validate the transfer by itself.

These intermediaries are usually banks and governments and they ensure trust in transactions between people and corporations. The blockchain is a software architecture that implements the tasks of the intermediary into a complex cryptographic architecture and eliminates thereby the intermediary.

This crypto-architecture enables new forms of distributed software architecture, where agree- ment on the state of shared data can be established across a large network of untrusted participants. A node in the network has to trust neither a central entity, nor any other node in the network. Although blockchain is "disrupting the trust business" [5], all this enthusiasm still rests on trust. The community trusts the core developers as well as the mathematicians and cryptographers and last but not least the software protocol by itself.

Of course, this applies to all open source projects, but with completely leaving out any regulatory middlemen, all the responsibility sticks to the end users. So everyone can use blockchain and write their own applications with common tools and programming languages. These applications have bugs like all software applications and therefore are targeted by attackers. This thesis however is not about the application level, instead it focuses on the protocol level of blockchain.

With blockchain technology being discussed and researched in context of industrial use cases, the end users turn into companies and the nature of assets that are linked onto the blockchain switch from private to corporate. This thesis is hardly looking into the legal aspects of security of blockchain technology, but rather looking at technical design aspects that ensure security respectively form attack vectors for blockchain.

Especially with new approaches of how to design a blockchain emerging continuously. Today there is vivid research and development going on in the blockchain community. Not even an industry or a de facto standard has been established. There are two main reasons for that: First of all blockchain is a new technology and a standard takes time to emerge. The second and more important reason is based on the nature of blockchain itself.

Should your program diverge from consensus, its security is weakened or destroyed. As that behavior is subject to arbitrary inputs in a large variety of unique environments, it cannot ever be fully documented here or anywhere else. The scope of this thesis is to propose a scheme that gives an overview of the most important blockchain protocols and categorizes them based on their characteristics, see section 3. Blockchain Theory 7 2 Blockchain Theory This section is about the theory of blockchain technology.

In the theory section the fundamentals of each design primitive are described and afterwards explained within the original blockchain theory. The categorization of protocols and attack vectors follow the scheme of the three design primitives as well.

Afterwards known attack vectors are categorized and mapped upon this categorization scheme. These components are put in context of the original blockchain theory of Bitcoin in section 2. This demonstrates that blockchain technology is not a complete new technology but rather a new way of combining known technologies into something new.

Blockchain Theory 8 2. The public key is derived from the private key using a cryptographic function. It is computationally infeasible to derive the private key from the public key. The public key is used to encrypt data, the private key is used to decrypt data.

If anyone wants to send a message to A, he encrypts the message using the public key of A and sends the encrypted message. A decrypts the message using his private key. The receiver decrypts the data with his private key.

Real randomness with computers is quite hard, therefore a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator is obligatory. In blockchain technology public-private key encryption is widely used for transactions, often elliptic curve cryptography is used because of its space-saving properties. To verify that a public key is authentic and the owner is really who he claims to be one uses a public key infrastructure PKI and X. Blockchain Theory 9 2. The algorithms used for digital signatures are the same as for public-private key encryption, but the functions undertaken are actually not encryption and decryption.

Digital signatures make use of hash functions to verify the data signed. Those kind of functions are described in the next section. Figure 3: Digital signature scheme.

Blockchain Theory 11 2. This central point, gathers the local states of the nodes to coordinate, regulate and allocate tasks towards the network nodes. Part of this coordination process is reaching consensus about the global state of the network. This section will explain the underlying theory of what a distributed system is, how communication works and how to agree upon a global state. Message-passing between processes on distributed systems is based on three basic events: send, receive and internal events.

Each marks the spot when an event of the respective type happened. A send has a destination and the data to be sent. A receive has a source and the data to be received. Processes communicating in a distributed system can be executed either synchronous or asynchronous.

This depends on how the send and receive events are characterized. The send process only terminates successfully if the corresponding receive process has been invoked and has terminated successfully. Blockchain Theory 12 P0 P1 P2 a asynchronous P0 P1 P2 b synchronous send receive Pn processor n Figure 4: Example of a asynchronous and b synchronous execution in a message- passing system [16] In a synchronous system see Figure 1b the processors are synchronized with a logical clock and the execution of a send and receive event takes a maximum of one logical time frame.

On the contrary, an asynchronous system see Figure 1a has no upper bound of the execution time and will never abort a send process. This property becomes relevant regarding attack vectors, because blockchain nodes, set up on top of the internet protocol layers, communicate in an asynchronous fashion.

Pass et. Blockchain Theory 13 2. Victory is only achievable if they attack at the same time. But some of the generals might be traitors faulty processes and try to prevent the loyal generals non-faulty processes from reaching agreement on their battle plan global state.

The generals communicate their plan via messenger, with every general being able to take the initiative to broad- cast a plan, he will be called commander source process. Byzantine failures expand the failure modes in distributed systems by processes behaving adversarial i.

An algorithm is called byzantine fault-tolerant BFT if the system functionality is guaranteed, even if byzantine failures occur. The design goals of such an algorithm can come in strong and weak characteristics.

A byzantine fault tolerant algorithm works as follows. The commander broadcasts a new value to his peers and every node forwards the value to his peers. If the messages broadcasted are unencrypted e. Pc is the source process and broadcasts the initial value 0. Pa is the only faulty process in this network and is able to forge the message, so it sends the incorrect value 1 towards Pb. Pb can not distinguish between the message of a faulty from a non-faulty process and can therefore not decide for a correct value.

Again there is one faulty process Pa that forges the message and broadcasts the incorrect value 1. Pc stays with the initial value 0 and only the faulty process is undecided. In this example 2 rounds are needed. A round in this case is one logical time step, as seen in section 2. The asynchronous setting on the other hand is more complex as one will see in the following section 2. This is known as the FLP impossibility. The core problem is, that with messages taking arbitrarily long to reach another process, you can not decide whether the sending process has failed or not, as described in section 2.

This way the global state gets stuck in an undecided state. But if you weaken the constraints for consensus in an asynchronous distributed system, algorithms to reach consensus exist. The three design goals of agreement, validity and termination will be loosened in a way to satisfy the needs of the respective application.

Blockchain Theory 15 2. Exposing the data types to the database program allows it to apply a number of optimizations. Key-value databases often use far less memory to store the same data, which can lead to large performance gains in certain workloads.

It describes a system that will become consistent over time and therefore is in a soft state in the meantime.

Digital standards

The short lifespan of digital signatures presents a challenge to the long-term preservation of digitally signed records. It can undermine attempts to presume, verify or assess their authenticity. This paper aims to investigate the challenges of the expiration of digital signatures in the context of digital archiving. The paper identifies requirements for the long-term preservation of digitally signed records and compares them with the existing approaches. The characteristics, operational procedures and requirements of the technologies used for digital signatures are combined with the archival requirements to design a new model. The paper proposes a new model of a blockchain-based system, which can be combined with any digital archive to assist the process of long-term preservation of digitally signed records.

A blockchain approach to digital archiving: digital signature certification chain preservation

Again and again we fall back on the folklore of the principles of good design…. Principles such as simplicity and modularity are the stuff of software engineering; decentralization and tolerance are the life and breath of [the] Internet. This is a principle of the design of distributed systems, including societies. It points out that any single common point which is involved in any operation trends to limit the way the system scales, and produces a single point of complete failure. As foundational as it is, the decentralized architecture of the Internet and the Web is in serious peril. The benefits of a decentralized Internet are eroding. When we concentrate our online activity on just a few social networks and messaging apps — as billions of us do — it narrows our experience of the Web to one where we are pointed only at content that appeals to our likes in search results and social media streams.

Optimizing global food supply chains: The case for blockchain and GSI standards

ISO defines a certificate management system for financial industry use for legal and natural persons that includes credentials and certificate contents, Certification Authority systems, including certificates for digital signatures and for encryption key management, certificate generation, distribution, validation and renewal, authentication structure and certification paths, and revocation and recovery procedures. ISO also recommends some useful operational procedures e. Implementation of ISO will also be based on business risks and legal requirements. ISO does not include the protocol messages used between the participants in the certificate management process, requirements for notary and time stamping, Certificate Policy and Certification Practices requirements, or Attribute Certificates.

ISO/TC 307

In cryptography , X. They are also used in offline applications, like electronic signatures. When a certificate is signed by a trusted certificate authority, or validated by other means, someone holding that certificate can use the public key it contains to establish secure communications with another party, or validate documents digitally signed by the corresponding private key. The first tasks of it was providing users with secure access to information resources and avoiding a cryptographic man-in-the-middle attack. It assumes a strict hierarchical system of certificate authorities CAs for issuing the certificates. This contrasts with web of trust models, like PGP , where anyone not just special CAs may sign and thus attest to the validity of others' key certificates.

Payment data cryptography for merchants

Which of the following represent different nodes within a Hyperledger Sawtooth network? Hyperledger Iroha is focused primarily on user facing applications, while other Hyperledger frameworks are focused on enterprise systems. True or False? Which one of the following characteristics are well-suited for blockchain deployment? Select all answers that apply.

Does the W3C Still Believe in Tim Berners-Lee’s Vision of Decentralization?

The goal of TRISA is to enable compliance with the FATF, as well as FinCEN Travel Rules and Travel Rules implemented by equivalent non-US competent authorities for cryptocurrency transaction identity information without modifying the core blockchain protocols, and without incurring increased transaction costs or modifying virtual currency peer-to-peer transaction flows. TRISA aims to do this on a global level while:. Entities subject to these regulations are cryptocurrency exchanges, custodial wallets, DEX operators, and others depending on the interpretation of regulations in each jurisdiction.

The returned payment methods are either cards that consist of PAN, or tokenized cards that consist of device PAN and cryptograms. The payload contains a field called protocolVersion that tells the recipient of the payload which cryptographic primitives are in use and the expected format. This guide provides information on how to generate a public key to request a Google-signed and encrypted payment method token, and details the steps to take to verify and decrypt the token. Because you receive payment card information directly, make sure your app is PCI DSS compliant and that your servers have the required infrastructure to securely handle the user's payment credentials before you proceed. The JSON contains two levels. The outer level contains metadata and fields included for security, while the inner level is another JSON object that represents the actual payment credential.

Sources are sorted by a "short citation" — typically the author's last name and year of publication. A short citation for well-known works and works with no single author may be are often forms from an initialism or the first few words of the title, followed by a date or other reference. Cm London: Stationery Office, , p. Allen, Kevin.

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