Libra currency 2021
So far regulators have treated such currencies as a minor risk to national economics, but the Libra could change everything. Facebook has not been involved in the writing of this post. Facebook recently unveiled its plan white paper to launch a new digital currency, called Libra, in the first half of The project is powered by the Libra Association, composed of 28 founding members, including large corporations active in payment systems aiming to reach members by the date of the launch.
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- Meta’s Whatsapp trials in-app crypto payments in the US with Nova wallet
- Facebook's New Cryptocurrency: World-Changing or Nothing Burger
- Facebook-backed crypto project Diem to launch US stablecoin in major shift
- Why is this important?
- Facebook-backed Diem aims to launch digital currency pilot later this year
- The Libra digital currency: Intro to the regulatory and technical issues
- 最佳Ethereum Mixer 2021
Meta’s Whatsapp trials in-app crypto payments in the US with Nova wallet
Intereconomics on Twitter. A service of the ZBW. Governments, regulatory authorities and standard-setting bodies started acting on global stablecoins triggered by the Libra announcement.
Among the concerns expressed by the G7 and the G20 are risks to the stability of the financial system. Overall the Libra project has raised many questions on the regulatory front.
Facebook had to revise the concept as Libra 2. This opens the next chapter in a regulatory cat and mouse game. The internet services provided by the Facebook group including Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, Messenger have a global reach of almost 3 billion users, alone 2. Not surprisingly, regulators and central banks at the international level have been concerned by the potential impact on investor protection, financial stability and market integrity European Securities and Markets Authority, , The term stablecoin, as used by market participants, denotes crypto-assets that are supposed to have a stable value over time ECB Crypto-Assets Task Force, , The rise of stablecoins has been driven by the criticism on the significant volatility seen in the price of cryptocurrencies.
Before , stablecoins slowly started drawing the attention of researchers and regulators, especially in connection with central bank digital currencies, digital money and cross-border payments Mancini-Griffoli et al.
Bullmann et al. To categorise stablecoins, the authors use three criteria of crypto-assets: i existence of an issuer that is responsible for satisfying any attached claims, ii decentralisation or centralisation of responsibilities over the stablecoin initiative and iii what underpins the value of a stablecoin and its stability in the currency of reference. So far, the following types of stablecoins have been observed:. The Libra project is governed by the Libra Association under Swiss law.
The project is described in a white paper by the Libra Association and in various technical papers. The Libra Association was established by 21 founding members in October Libra was conceived as a cryptocurrency backed by a basket of low-volatility assets like bank deposits and short-term government bonds in established fiat currencies Libra Association, a, Libra fits roughly into the category of tokenised funds.
The value of the cryptocurrency can fluctuate over time as a consequence of foreign exchange rate movements. Details on the functioning of the Libra Reserve are specified in a technical paper by Calibra staff.
The Libra Association would mint and destroy coins in response to demand from the authorised resellers. Coins are minted when they purchase Libra and destroyed when they sell Libra at a price depending on the value of the basket of assets.
The Libra Association controlling the Libra Reserve would act as a buyer of last resort, but unlike a central bank, would not set any monetary policy Catalini et al. In July , Zetzsche et al. It also seems contradictory that fees and dividend distributions would flow to the members of the association, a non-profit organisation. For Adachi et al. This could result in inflows into euro area money markets Adachi et al. An extensive use of a stablecoin in the scenario, where a stablecoin becomes an ordinary means of payment, could affect the exchange rate channel of monetary policy.
In particular, a multi-currency stablecoin like Libra might make it difficult to control domestic developments ECB Crypto-Assets Task Force, , On 11 September , the Libra Association b announced that it was seeking a payment system license under Swiss regulation. Simultaneously FINMA b issued a new supplement with criteria for the regulatory treatment of stablecoins under Swiss law. The stablecoin guidelines build upon the general guidelines for initial coin offerings from February which distinguished between payment, utility and asset function FINMA, Libra would be seen as a hybrid token with both payment and asset function.
The stablecoin guidelines from September cover the regulatory treatment for various categories of stablecoins for indicative purposes, depending on the underlying asset that they are linked to currencies, commodities, real estate, securities.
The Anti-Money Laundering Act would be applicable for payment tokens and the Financial Market Infrastructure Act would also apply to payment systems of significant importance.
Table 1 shows an indicative supervisory classification as a function of the underlying asset to which they are linked. Due to the scope of the project, an internationally coordinated approach would be needed, particularly with regards to the management and governance of the Libra Reserve as well as money laundering issues FINMA, b.
On 15 April , the Libra Association published an updated Libra concept with a white paper v2. The initiators highlight four major changes Libra Association, , :. FINMA reiterated that an international approach is required, hence it is in contact with more than 20 supervisory authorities and central banks worldwide and also contributing to working groups and organisations on the development of international standards on global stablecoins. The Libra announcement in June moved global stablecoins to the top of the agenda of the G7.
The G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors concluded at a meeting in Chantilly, France, in July , that stablecoins raised serious regulatory and systemic concerns. Stablecoin initiatives and their operators would have to meet the highest standards of financial regulation in order to go ahead without affecting the stability of the financial system. In September , the French and German Finance Ministers issued a joint statement warning against the Libra project because the documentation failed to convince them that risks identified by the G7 would be properly addressed.
Going even further, the ministers stated that no private entity should claim monetary power inherent to the sovereignty of nations French Ministry of Economy and German Ministry of Finance, The report points out the following critical issues that need to be solved G7 Working Group on Stablecoins, :. The G7 Working Group on Stablecoins identified challenges and risks of stablecoins for public policy, oversight and regulation regardless of scale as well as inherent in potential global stablecoins see Table 2.
The G7 believes that no global stablecoin project should begin operation until the legal, regulatory and oversight challenges and risks are adequately addressed G7 France, c.
The G20 stated that global stablecoins and other similar arrangements with potential systemic footprints would give rise to serious public policy and regulatory risks money laundering, illicit finance, and consumer and investor protection to be evaluated and addressed before the launch G20 Japan, This is a priority of the upcoming G20 summit in Riyadh Carstens, , Quarles, informed the G20 that the FSB is assessing how the existing regulatory framework applies to global stablecoins and whether any regulatory gaps need to be filled.
A report on regulatory issues of stablecoins outlines the following steps FSB, b, : i take stock of existing supervisory and regulatory approaches to stablecoins, ii consider whether they are adequate and effective in addressing financial stability and systemic risk concerns, and iii advise on possible multilateral responses. In February , the FSB Chair confirmed that the review of approaches in the FSB member jurisdictions was completed and that the FSB has been tasked with coordinating the development of a roadmap for improving cross-border payment systems FSB, a.
To prepare, the FSB issued a combined report and consultation document in April on regulatory, supervisory and oversight challenges raised by global stablecoin arrangements FSB, b. The paper contains a section on risks and vulnerabilities raised by global stablecoins, a summary of the stocktake undertaken in FSB jurisdictions, key standards from various international standard-setting bodies and last but not least ten high-level recommendations to authorities at the jurisdictional level, including the final version of the ten high-level recommendations FSB, c, 4.
The final report was published in October FSB, c. The FATF a intends to actively monitor stablecoins and will consider further clarifications on how the FATF standards apply to stablecoins and their service providers, as well as whether updates are necessary.
The preventive measures in the revised FATF Standards have worked to mitigate risks by so-called stablecoins, so no immediate amendment would be required. Therefore, the IOSCO principles and standards may apply to stablecoins depending on how they are structured, including those related to disclosure, registration, reporting and liability for sponsors and distributors. The paper defines a hypothetical case study which is reminiscent of Libra and explores how the existing IOSCO principles and standards apply.
In December , the Council of the European Union and the European Commission issued a joint statement on stablecoins based on the strict positions already articulated by the G7 and the G The Council and the Commission are willing to take all necessary measures to ensure appropriate standards of consumer protection and orderly monetary and financial conditions. No global stablecoin arrangement should begin operation in the EU until the legal, regulatory and oversight challenges and risks are adequately identified and addressed Council of the European Union, The European Commission also launched a consultation on crypto-assets in December which ran until March Eight of the questions relate to stablecoins.
The findings would be considered for new EU legislation on crypto-assets including stablecoins European Commission, , 5. Concerning the current EU regulatory framework, a research note by ECB staff pointed out that a stablecoin arrangement could fall under a number of frameworks or none of them in the latter case meaning a potential regulatory gap Adachi et al.
Firstly, the stablecoin may qualify as e-money, hence the Second Electronic Money Directive would apply for the coin and its issuer. Secondly, the asset management function e. Thirdly, the stablecoin may be regarded as equivalent to a deposit, so EU banking regulation may apply. In September an early draft version of a proposal for a regulation on Markets in Crypto-assets MiCA by the European Commission was leaked on the journalistic website politico.
Sven Giegold, Member of the European Parliament, confirmed the authenticity of the leak and informed that the ECON adopted a report proposing a regulation of crypto-assets Giegold, On 24 September the European Commission announced the adoption of a new Digital Finance Package which includes a Digital Finance Strategy, a Retail Payments Strategy, a legislative proposal on digital operational resilience, and a provisional version of the MiCA legislative proposal leaked two weeks before.
The press release states European Commission, a that the MiCA regulation should protect investors from risks and provide legal clarity and certainty for crypto-asset issuers and providers. The MiCA proposal document itself European Commission, b is accompanied by provisional versions of the annexes European Commission, c , an impact assessment European Commission, d and an executive summary of the impact assessment European Commission, e.
The Commission stated that crypto-assets already subject to EU legislation would remain like that. For previously unregulated crypto-assets the Commission proposes a bespoke regime setting strict requirements for issuers of crypto-assets and crypto-asset service providers.
Safeguards include capital requirements, custody of assets, a mandatory complaint holder procedure available to investors, and rights of the investor against the issuer. Issuers of global stablecoins would be subject to more stringent capital requirements, liquidity management and interoperability requirements. The task force, made of experts from the ECB and the 19 national central banks of the euro area, identified possible scenarios that would require the issuance of a digital euro.
A public consultation would start on 12 October in parallel with experimentation, without prejudice to the final decision by the Governing Council of the ECB ECB, a. By mid a decision would be taken whether to launch a digital euro project ECB, b, 6. Although Libra itself is only mentioned in one footnote of the report, there is no doubt that the timing and the speed of the digital euro initiative is a reaction to the perceived threat posed by this global stablecoin project. Politicians and regulators have no interest in allowing the rise of a global stablecoin to impact monetary policy and financial stability.
It is unclear whether Libra 2. This will depend on how high the regulators worldwide are willing to raise the bar. At European level a clear message against the Libra project has just been sent with the MiCA regulation proposal by the European Commission and the announcement of a digital euro initiative by the ECB.
Adachi, M. Cominetta, C. Kaufmann and A. Adrian, T. Bullmann, D. Klemm and A. Pinna , In search for stability in crypto-assets: are stablecoins the solution? Carstens, A. Catalini, C. Gratry, J.
Facebook's New Cryptocurrency: World-Changing or Nothing Burger
It was in January , that the founder of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, announced among his new year resolutions that he will be looking into the positive and negative impacts of cryptocurrencies. Fast forward a year and a half and the launch of the libra coin was announced. What makes it different from bitcoin and the rest of the altcoins? Where and how are we supposed to use it?
Facebook-backed crypto project Diem to launch US stablecoin in major shift
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Why is this important?
Have you read these stories? What industry experts want from Budget Updated: Jan 29, , Union Budget will be presented at a time when India's economic recovery from the pandemic blow is firming up. Infrastructure spen
Facebook-backed Diem aims to launch digital currency pilot later this year
Home » Actors » Libra Association. The Libra Association is an independent membership organisation based in Geneva. Its membership consists of geographically distributed and diverse businesses e. The Association is responsible for the governance of the Libra network and the development of the Libra Project. Building on the potential of blockchain technology, Libra intends to create a new kind of digital infrastructure and a global payment system aimed at addressing a global audience. To this end, the software that implements the Libra Blockchain is open source, so that anyone can build on it.
The Libra digital currency: Intro to the regulatory and technical issues
The Libra Association put together by Facebook last year is rebranding in further efforts to distance itself from the original Facebook-led vision rolled out last year. The organization has also finalized its leadership team, which includes Dahlia Malkhi as chief technology officer, Christy Clark as chief of staff, Steve Bunnell as chief legal officer and Kiran Raj as executive vice president for growth and innovation and deputy general counsel. Social media giant Facebook unveiled Libra in June after over a year of secretive development and research work. At the time, the project envisioned a stablecoin backed by a basket of fiat currencies, one that could be used worldwide as a means of exchange. It immediately prompted international regulatory backlash, with lawmakers demanding that all development cease until they could better understand it, provide some level of regulatory oversight and ensure there were no risks to financial stability. A number of its original members departed, mainly financial services firms citing regulatory risks, before Libra could even get started. Another founding member includes Breakthrough Initiatives , a space exploration group run in part by Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.
最佳Ethereum Mixer 2021
Facebook, Inc. FB is hoping to launch its cryptocurrency next year. David Marcus, head of Facebook Financial, or F2, told audiences at the Singapore FinTech festival that he hoped the company could participate in changing the financial services industry by launching Diem, Facebook's proposed digital currency for use on its social network, and Novi, the accompanying wallet for its Libra blockchain , on its platform. The platform's launch is contingent on Facebook obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals to operate across multiple jurisdictions.
The G7 issued a solid set of public policy principles for retail central bank digital currencies. But while CBDCs are still being researched, privately issued stablecoins are already operating and are ready for broader adoption the moment proper regulation is in place. Today the G7 issued its principles for retail central bank digital currencies. The principles reflect excellent ideas about how standards of sound policymaking should be applied to the novel and unknown area of retail-focused central bank digital currencies.
The social media major seeks to enter the 2-trillion-dollar global payments market, but several central banks have raised regulatory and oversight concerns over this plan. Report bugs here. Please share your general feedback. You can join in the discussion by joining the community or logging in here. You can also find out more about Emerald Engage.
The answer may be in stablecoin. Until this year, and maybe even today, the average investor has never heard of a stablecoin. A stablecoin is a digital asset that is linked to a lower-volatility asset, such as the U.
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