Ether cryptocurrency wiki
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Due to the lightning-fast pace of development in the Ethereum space with core development and dapps continually being launched, certain parts of this article may be outdated. You can help by keeping it up to date! For an introduction to blockchains, see this TED talk. The simplest way to understand Ethereum is to know what it does. Ethereum can be used for virtually any kind of transaction or agreement to put it another way, any kind of activity that has an economic or governance aspect , at a lower cost than conventional alternatives, such as debit card payments, in a way that is trustless, secure, safe and censorship-resistant, all with high probability.
An extensive and growing list of uses is available here. The state can include such information as account balances, reputations, trust arrangements, data pertaining to information of the physical world; in short, anything that can currently be represented by a computer is admissible.
Invalid state changes might, e. A valid state transition is one which comes about through a transaction. The sources for the first and third bullet points are more general introductions, while the second is a technical introduction and specification of the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Another introduction is available here , but it is outdated. Blocks added to the chain become harder and harder to crack over time, as they are verified by more nodes in the blockchain peer-to-peer network.
Blockchain technology has been referred to as the Web 3. The world wide web retroactively the Web 1. The Web 2. The Web 3. Cryptocurrency refers to a digital currency that secures transactions with cryptographic code, which is solved through hardware computational power known as mining or proof of work or other less energy-intensive ways such as proof-of-stake.
There are more details on that below. There is also the Zerocoin protocol which is demonstrated by Zcoin which plans to integrate Ethereum. Here is a blog post from Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, on Ethereum pre-history. Here is another blog post with more history. The platform part of Ethereum makes it much more useful than just a cryptocurrency. For a list of dapps, visit here. Assessing the actual usage of blockchains is a more reliable indicator than the market cap.
While it is true that Bitcoin has more of a market and currency, e. Also, the number of transactions of Ethereum surpassed that of several cryptocurrencies combined on 22 Nov However, note this retort. There also several issues with Ethereum, such as not being scalable enough, not being fully decentralized, energy consumption with mining and quantum computing attacks.
More outdated but still applicable info on that is e. There are even more scalable blockchains that use a delegated proof of stake DPOS consensus protocol, such as Bitshares and Steem.
Bitshares can apparently process , TPS. More generally, in order to have faster payments or higher transaction throughput, you need to reduce the number of validators miners are a kind of validator that perform energy intensive computational work, finding a random nonce or sequence number in a large set of numbers in the consensus protocol, or reduce the other i.
This is a trade-off triangle. You could potentially have one blockchain with heterogeneous sharding , with different shards with a different degree of balance between these properties.
Ethereum is working on sharding. If you increase scalability in an instant via some blockchain or shard, while keeping latency constant or reducing it you need to reduce decentralization, which reduces the number of points of attack needed to compromise the whole network, i. Non-stable cryptos tend to drop when there is news that governments ban or may ban ICOs or trading of cryptocurrencies, e.
On the other hand, other countries like Saudi Arabia and Australia have been very supportive of cryptocurrencies. Non-stable cryptos tend to rise when there is news of geopolitical tensions, or just politicians making bad decisions. NSCs have dropped in price when there are issues with exchanges, such as being hacked , flash crashes , or just closing down.
Governments may also want to regulate or ban cryptocurrencies as they perceive them as a threat to devaluing their fiat currencies but this can be offset through regulation, taxation, etc. So stable cryptocurrencies are more suitable as a store of value, but may not rise in value as much in the very long-term e. The mining process to crack cryptographic code specifically to discover the nonce, a very large number, for each block by trial and error requires a lot of computation power.
Think of extracting and processing resources to make coins and notes, minting and printing, energy consumption of banks and tiers of related energy consumption in the life cycle of fiat money.
Still, developers of some cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum are transitioning to as is the case for Ethereum , or already using, a different way of maintaining and creating blocks, known as proof of stake. For more information, you can see this Proof of Stake Wikipedia article here although note the header warning about the article potentially not being verifiable or neutral due to relying heavily on sources too closely associated to the subject.
The tricky part is in getting proof methods to work better than proof of work, as outlined here in the criticism section of the PoS Wiki. More info on that is e. For the continual improvement of humanity, there needs to be balance in life between things that benefit us materially and things that benefit us on higher levels, particularly spiritually.
There is a risk that technology can make some people better off, and others worse off. So there needs to be consideration for how technology can be implemented to maximise utility. One consideration of that is here , which looks at using Ethereum to establish a global commons including infrastructure, healthcare, education and universal basic income with voluntary contributions or a tax on transactions.
Ethereum has had expensive bugs, such as those listed here and here. Are you interested in learning to develop smart contracts with Ethereum, and develop a really useful dapp and become a millionaire? Check out the Ethereum website!
Then, you can read the Solidity docs. Ether certainly seems like a good investment, and a good alternative to using fiat currencies, as well as an enabler for otherwise uneconomical business, due to lower transaction costs. With governance applications and systems on top Ethereum, it is even possible to do away with the hindering borders surmounted by nation-states. By doing away with these borders, society can be more open, inclusive and equitable. However, all technology can only help mankind and the world to a certain extent.
What is more important is for each and every person to become increasingly blissful. Each person must go within and enter a stillness of body and mind, which is when that bliss starts to manifest, and practice balanced living.
Practicing certain techniques such as those given by Self-Realization Fellowship, such as daily Kriya yoga meditation, developing unconditional love that starts in the heart, keeping the mind at the point between the eyebrows, and moral living, helps each person manifest that bliss within, and from there, express that bliss outwardly at all times.
Blockchain Explained
This is the community wiki covering all sorts of information on the next-generation peer-to-peer technology platform built by the Ethereum community, including Ethereum , the generalized blockchain for smart contract development , as well as related protocols like:. If you have a technical issue with a specific client, application or tool, e. If you have experience with editing on Wikipedia, then that will help with knowing how to edit this wiki, although the contribution rules are less strict. Referencing facts is a key writing and proofreading task, as well as checking that information is up-to-date and updating it if otherwise , correcting grammar, typos, and spelling; and making the wiki comprehensive and easy to understand.
Gas (Ethereum)
Search Ethereum on Amazon. Ethereum is an open source, public, blockchain -based distributed computing platform and operating system featuring smart contract scripting functionality. It supports a modified version of Nakamoto consensus via transaction-based state transitions. Ether is a cryptocurrency generated by the Ethereum platform and used to compensate mining nodes for computations performed. Ethereum provides a decentralized virtual machine, the Ethereum Virtual Machine EVM , which can execute scripts using an international network of public nodes. Ethereum was proposed in late by Vitalik Buterin, a cryptocurrency researcher and programmer. Development was funded by an online crowdsale that took place between July and August This accounts for about 68 percent of the total circulating supply in
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A blockchain is a distributed database that is shared among the nodes of a computer network. As a database, a blockchain stores information electronically in digital format. Blockchains are best known for their crucial role in cryptocurrency systems, such as Bitcoin , for maintaining a secure and decentralized record of transactions. The innovation with a blockchain is that it guarantees the fidelity and security of a record of data and generates trust without the need for a trusted third party.
Comparison of Smart Contract Blockchains for Healthcare Applications
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Blockchain and smart contracts i. However, only very few implementations exist because of the complexity of the technologies. Although there are tutorials and reviews to introduce blockchain and smart contracts, a pragmatic comparison of such platforms is needed.
Ethereum Classic
Solidity is an object-oriented, high-level language for implementing smart contracts. Smart contracts are programs which govern the behaviour of accounts within the Ethereum state. Solidity is a curly-bracket language. You can find more details about which languages Solidity has been inspired by in the language influences section. Solidity is statically typed, supports inheritance, libraries and complex user-defined types among other features.
SKALE is the only containerized network capable of running an unlimited number of secure, decentralized, high-performance blockchains that are native to Ethereum. SKALE's architecture supports an ever-expanding set of Dapp-specific chains, which makes it quick and easy to set up cost-effective, high-performance multichains that run smart contracts compatible with Ethereum. The standard for security in distributed systems, BFT guarantees that the network can reach consensus even when up to one-thirds of participants are malicious. Following the same model as the Internet, this protocol recognizes latencies of nodes and the network, allowing messages to take an indefinite period of time to deliver.
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Gas is an internal pricing structure and measurement of computational effort for executing transactions on Ethereum. Gas Ethereum is the internal pricing metering system for running a contract or in general any transaction in Ethereum. Gas is a unit of measurement for the amount of computational effort required to perform operations on Ethereum. The more computation and storage needed to complete a transaction, the more gas that is required to perform and complete that transaction. Metering the the amount of Gas required per operation. For example, addition 3 Gas , multiplication 5 Gas , storage operations , Gas , or stack operations Gas all require different amounts of Gas. Ethereum uses Solidity to run its smart contracts on the Ethereum Virtual Machine EVM and every line of code that gets executed in Solidity requires a specific amount of Gas.
It is closely aligned with Gavin Wood's Ethereum yellow paper. This is a simplified illustration of how EthOn models Ethereum. All accounts are identified by an address which, however, is derived differently for external and contract accounts and an account state that contains the contract's balance and total message count, which is called its nonce. Contract accounts also have an associated storage state and EVM code.
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Bomb watch everyone!
I regret that I cannot participate in the discussion now. Very little information. But the subject interests me very much.
It can be discussed endlessly