Sol crypto bug
Model checking is a method of formally verifying whether a model of a system meets a specification. Modern model checkers can determine whether certain security properties hold true for a given program, and can automate the discovery of memory corruption bugs, unsafe arithmetic, assertion failures, and more. When a property is not found to hold, a model checker produces a counterexample that acts as a proof of its contradiction. A model checker is one type of tool with the potential of delivering this level of confidence when used effectively. Furthermore, the security properties we formulate can be later used by our clients to perform their own formal verification even after an engagement has ended. Many of these companies would not otherwise use formal methods due to their reputation of having steep learning curves and being highly academic.
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Sol crypto bug
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Content:
- Known Attacks
- Serum (SRM)’s Inflated Price Is Not Justified (Yet)
- Bug Poses Risk of $2.6 billion Loss Discovered on the Solana Protocol Library
- Solana Devs Call 'All Hands on Deck' as Unknown Bug Stops Block Production
- A bug in Solana library allowed to steal up to $27M in an hour
- Writing Smart Contracts in Ethereum Blockchain
- Solana hacker attack disrupted
- Solana corrects a bug that could see hackers steal funds from Solana projects
Known Attacks
Model checking is a method of formally verifying whether a model of a system meets a specification. Modern model checkers can determine whether certain security properties hold true for a given program, and can automate the discovery of memory corruption bugs, unsafe arithmetic, assertion failures, and more.
When a property is not found to hold, a model checker produces a counterexample that acts as a proof of its contradiction. A model checker is one type of tool with the potential of delivering this level of confidence when used effectively. Furthermore, the security properties we formulate can be later used by our clients to perform their own formal verification even after an engagement has ended.
Many of these companies would not otherwise use formal methods due to their reputation of having steep learning curves and being highly academic.
This is why we are excited to see the development of a model checker within the Solidity compiler itself. Solidity is the predominant programming language for the Ethereum Virtual Machine EVM , and is what many widely used smart contracts today are written in.
In addition, specifications are written inline using the Solidity language itself. This means that while there is some extra work involved in writing a specification, it does not come with the usual overhead of having to install a new tool and learn a new language. As stated, model checking is a method for formally verifying whether a model of a system meets a specification.
A sound model checker can do this type of encoding task without losing necessary information that could lead to false negatives or if this is unavoidable, it emits warnings , while a complete model checker can do this encoding task without making generalizations that could lead to false positives.
As it turns out, Solidity currently has two model checker engines that specialize in different uses of a backend SMT solver. The original one, a bounded model checker BMC , is a relatively simple algorithm that analyzes Solidity functions in isolation. The following example demonstrates that proving assertions that are local to a single basic function are straightforward. Note the use of the experimental SMTChecker pragma to enable the model checker.
The following example demonstrates this by having the BMC detect a more subtle and realistic bug, which can be exploited by an attacker to grant themselves unlimited tokens hint: Consider the result of amount — fee amount when amount is zero :. Unfortunately, this type of model checker is not without its limitations. As implied by its name, a bounded model checker can only analyze a finite number of program steps. Consider that for if statements and Boolean operators, the model checker only needs to evaluate one extra path of execution.
It asks the backend SMT solver to try finding a model for one version where the conditional returns true and another version where it returns false. However, with loops the model checker must also account for any number of loop iterations and the extra paths associated with them, which may become huge.
This problem exists for virtually all Turing-complete languages and we call it state blowup. This leads to some obvious false positives such as the following:. Just as the warning explains, lost information can always be reintroduced using assumptions via require. While this can be helpful in some situations, it is often infeasible to work around this limitation without avoiding loops all together.
How do other BMCs handle this issue? Traditional BMCs take some integer k that acts as the upper bound of how many steps of executions to consider. The issue is that if k is set too high, the state blowup can quickly become intractable for complex programs. A bug may not be found until a certain number of function calls are made in some particular order. The inherit limitations of the bounded model checker have led to the recent introduction of a second type of model checker engine within Solidity that uses something called Constrained Horn Clauses.
When a SMT solver wants to efficiently reason about loops, it must have a way to efficiently reason about reachability. This becomes more apparent when we think of loops as recursive functions and ask if one program state may ever reach another. CHCs are first-order logic formulas that are capable of encoding meaningful information about whether one program state is reachable from another. PDR is a relatively new type of incremental model checking algorithm that breaks the problem down into smaller subproblems called cubes , which can make it more tractable to analyze loops.
However, this time it navigates the unit and considers all possible paths of execution each contract can take. The CHC engine does this by attempting to synthesize the correct Horn clauses that accurately model these paths as logical relationships with constraints which may or may not be recursive between blocks of code. Z3 can then be asked to solve queries about these constrained logical relationships. Consider the following button pressing puzzle as an example.
Note that the CHC engine is able to quickly reason about the implications of calling each public function and evaluate if a model exists for not solving the puzzle. It would be nice to see this type of information returned in future versions of the model checker. Unfortunately, at the time of writing this it was too difficult to produce a more realistic example. This was largely due to an incompleteness of more complex types such as mappings when the CHC engine was used e.
It is especially exciting to see built-in checks for language-specific issues like integer underflows, integer overflows, division by zero, and insufficient funds on transfer. This makes this tool already valuable, although incompleteness can lead to more false positives to sort through.
Although this feature is still in a very early phase of development, it could one day be used to detect more complex bugs. Bounded Model Checking As it turns out, Solidity currently has two model checker engines that specialize in different uses of a backend SMT solver.
You can re-introduce information using require. Constrained Horn Clauses When a SMT solver wants to efficiently reason about loops, it must have a way to efficiently reason about reachability. We look forward to seeing this tool be developed further. Author: Eric Rafaloff. Cyber security services offered by Stroz Friedberg Inc. Aon UK Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in respect of insurance distribution services.
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Serum (SRM)’s Inflated Price Is Not Justified (Yet)
Bernhard Mueller, the creator of MythX , explains how to detect vulnerabilities in Ethereum smart contracts. It finally happened: Ethereum received its first branded vulnerability. Security startup PeckShield reported batchOverflow , an integer overflow vulnerability in an ERC20 token contract that allows attackers to create arbitrary amounts of tokens out of thin air. One of multiple live smart contracts affected by batchOverflow is the Beautychain BEC token contract. Here, we want to select the main contract class named BecToken. Note that all library functions used by BecToken as well as its parent contracts will be implicitly included in the analysis. Mythril reports a total of three issues.
Bug Poses Risk of $2.6 billion Loss Discovered on the Solana Protocol Library
By processing transactions and participating in consensus, each validator helps make Solana the most censorship resistant and highest-performance blockchain network in the world. Issuances from a global, protocol-defined, inflation rate. These rewards are delivered on top of earnings from transaction fees. Stakers are rewarded for helping to validate the ledger. They do this by delegating their stake to validator nodes. Those validators do the legwork of replaying the ledger and send votes to a per-node vote account to which stakers can delegate their stakes. The rest of the cluster uses those stake-weighted votes to select a block when forks arise. Stake Pools are a liquid staking solution that promote censorship resistance, decentralization, and the growth of DeFi on Solana. One of our top priorities is the security and safety of the network. We welcome security researchers to submit bug reports and earn rewards for their work.
Solana Devs Call 'All Hands on Deck' as Unknown Bug Stops Block Production
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A bug in Solana library allowed to steal up to $27M in an hour
The blockchain network Solana had issues processing blocks on September 14 and according to a status report on September 15 at a. Solana is now a member of the club of blockchains that have stalled for several hours stopping people from sending SOL transactions, using decentralized apps dapps , and troubling block explorers and wallets with significant issues. The official Solana Twitter page also retweeted the Solana Status tweet. The individual said:. Why [do] Solscan and Explorer have different block heights?
Writing Smart Contracts in Ethereum Blockchain
The company was founded in by former members of Qualcomm's engineering team. Once we got off test cloud deployments all hell broke loose and we had to rebuild the network stack. The community took steps to help the network recover, but were unsuccessful. These transactions flooded a system known as the forwarder queue, causing the memory used by this queue to grow without limits. The transactions that were encoded into blocks were resource-heavy to process. The combination of the unbounded growth of the forwarder queues and resource-heavy blocks caused block producers to automatically propose a number of forks. The validator processes started to run out of memory and crash, and upon restart the validators were unable to process all the proposed forks in time to catch back up with the rest of the network.
Solana hacker attack disrupted
Solana was created to deal with throughput problems that in the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains. Solana is a decentralized computing platform that uses the SOL crypto token to pay for transactions. He co-founded Solana along with two other ex-Qualcomm engineers and Raj Gokal, an entrepreneur who previously worked in the digital-health sector. Solana was basically created to deal with traditional throughput problems that existed in the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains.
Solana corrects a bug that could see hackers steal funds from Solana projects
RELATED VIDEO: Самые Жирные SOLANA (SOL) Краны. Заработок в интернете без вложений!Rug pulls and network exploits have dominated much of the buzz within the cryptocurrency industry, and for good reason. Further, billions more could have been lost from the Solana ecosystem if a recently rectified bug had not been detected, according to security researchers at Neodyme. SPL is a set of reference documents for Solana projects. It all started in June this year when a researcher named Simon initially spotted the bug and raised an issue on Github. Since at the time the bug did not seem to pose an immediate risk, it went largely unnoticed.
The overall market also bounced back slightly, though the price rise slowed down considerably on Thursday. You can follow all the latest news, analysis and expert price predictions in our live blog below. However, the leading cryptocurrency is still down by over 7 per cent compared to its value a week earlier. Solana has grown by nearly 4 per cent in the last 24 hours, although it is still down by over 25 per cent compared to its value 7 days ago. Polkadot has also grown in the last day at a similar rate, but the cryptocurrency is still down by over 20 per cent compared to its price a week earlier. The price of meme coin dogecoin remains nearly unchanged compared to its value 24 hours ago, while its spinoff cryptocurrency shiba inu has surged by nearly 3 per cent during the period.
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