Blockchain technology abstract

With the rapid growth of Internet technology, the blockchain has been developed fast in recent years with the wide expansions in finance, medicine, public welfare, and other fields. However, few attempts can be found to investigate the development of blockchain based on the literature in this area. Therefore, this paper focuses on blockchain research by introducing bibliometric methods and comprehensively analyzes its status quo, emerging trends, and development path. Based on the above research, this paper draws two main conclusions.

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Content:

• The art collective for NFT investment
• Blockchain-based technologies
• Blockchain and smart contract for IoT enabled smart agriculture
• Blockchain Technology Overview
• Стоковые иллюстрации на тему Blockchain Technology
• Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology?-A Systematic Review.
• Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology?-A Systematic Review
• IoT in 2022: IoT turns into a service
• Blockchain for Enterprise: Overview, Opportunities and Challenges
• A Systematic Overview of Blockchain Research

WATCH RELATED VIDEO: What is BLOCKCHAIN? The best explanation of blockchain technology

The art collective for NFT investment

Trials volume 18 , Article number: Cite this article. Metrics details. Reproducibility, data sharing, personal data privacy concerns and patient enrolment in clinical trials are huge medical challenges for contemporary clinical research.

A new technology, Blockchain, may be a key to addressing these challenges and should draw the attention of the whole clinical research community. Blockchain brings the Internet to its definitive decentralisation goal. Therefore, users have a high degree of control over and autonomy and trust of the data and its integrity. Blockchain allows for reaching a substantial level of historicity and inviolability of data for the whole document flow in a clinical trial.

Hence, it ensures traceability, prevents a posteriori reconstruction and allows for securely automating the clinical trial through what are called Smart Contracts. At the same time, the technology ensures fine-grained control of the data, its security and its shareable parameters, for a single patient or group of patients or clinical trial stakeholders. In this commentary article, we explore the core functionalities of Blockchain applied to clinical trials and we illustrate concretely its general principle in the context of consent to a trial protocol.

Trying to figure out the potential impact of Blockchain implementations in the setting of clinical trials will shed new light on how modern clinical trial methods could evolve and benefit from Blockchain technologies in order to tackle the aforementioned challenges. Peer Review reports. Fixing methodology issues is one of the great challenges in contemporary biomedical research. Indeed, lack of reproducibility, related to a wide range of scientific misconduct aspects, from errors to frauds, compromises the outcomes of a clinical study and undermines research quality.

Ioannidis et al. This rate may be related to several types of errors, misconduct or fraud. Improving quality of research by better reproducibility and empowering both researcher communities with secure data sharing and patient communities with tools guaranteeing their privacy are desirable goals that can be achieved in part with Blockchain technology [ 4 , 5 ].

Blockchain can have a global impact on clinical research because it allows for tracking, sharing and caring for data. Indeed, it involves a decentralised secure tracking system for any data interactions that could occur in the context of clinical trials, with a peer-to-peer inclusive network that enables data sharing on the research side and ensures all the needed transparency and care for privacy concerns on the patient community side.

In turn, this system can lead to more trust in clinical research, whose credibility has been considerably undermined with repeated scandals in recent years [ 6 , 7 ]. Blockchain technology can be considered a basis for improved clinical research methodology and a step toward better transparency to improve trust within research communities and between research and patient communities. Historically, Blockchain is known to be the technology powering Bitcoin, as an open, distributed public ledger recording all the Bitcoin transactions in a secure and verifiable way, without the need for a third party to process payments.

In this context, Blockchain can be considered a full history of banking transactions. More generically, Blockchain is a huge, public, secure and decentralised datastore [ 8 , 9 ] of ordered records, or events, called blocks.

Each block contains a timestamp and is linked to a previous block [ 10 ]. Events can be updated by only a majority of users. Information cannot be erased. The datastore is owned by no one, is controlled by users and is not ruled by any trusted third party or central regulatory instance.

In fact, trust is encoded in the protocol and maintained by the community of users. In practice, the Blockchain architecture allows for storing proofs of existence of data. As the only proof of data is the data of proof, we believe that this is a paradigm shift for medical research methodology.

Regarding inviolability and historicity of data, it follows that Blockchain ensures that events are tracked in their correct chronological order, which largely prevents a posteriori reconstruction analysis. First, data integrity is ensured by the cryptographic validation of each transaction [ 11 ].

Second, traceability and historicity of the data are among the core functionalities of the technology: each transaction with Blockchain is timestamped [ 12 ]. This information is publicly transparent; any user owns a copy of the proof of the time-stamped data. Figure 1 shows the complex flows of heterogeneous data and metadata that circulate in a clinical trial, implying numerous healthcare stakeholders, and all documents whose proof of existence can be stored in Blockchain.

Thus, the existence of data becomes provable while the data remain confidential. The data-sharing plan, including the schedule, dataset documentation and data-sharing agreement, if any, must be disclosed before the clinical trial begins, so this metadata can be timestamped in a chronological order in the unfalsifiable Blockchain.

Before the clinical trial begins, consents and clinical trial protocol, including type of study, primary and secondary outcomes and inclusion and exclusion criteria, can be bundled into data structures stored on the Blockchain [ 13 — 15 ].

Data structures are then in one-to-one correspondence with consents and the protocol and its revisions, which accounts for robust proof of their existence. This feature can help prevent typical issues related to non-traceable clinical trial protocols, such as selective reporting outcomes related to selective reporting of harm, under-reporting of non-significant outcomes and mismatches between planned outcomes in the protocol and final publication.

These issues are a well-documented source of bias [ 16 — 19 ]. In the Blockchain metadata set, we can also store information such as the mode of data collection, attribution method, dates of withdrawals to distinguish between early and late ones and dates of recurrent events.

The statistical analysis plan is a critical need and is timestamped before the analysis is completed and, for a blinded study, before the data are unblinded. This plan includes the statistical methods, definition of harm events and multiple variable adjustments, if any.

For example, sample size is a key item to compute to ensure that a study has enough power. Research teams often have no precise idea of the outcomes, so estimating the needed power in advance is difficult, which leads to an a posteriori calculus bias [ 20 — 22 ]. Here, we can imagine timestamping a set of metadata on the Blockchain: sample size, type I and type II errors, estimated event rate and treatment effect of interest. Timestamping will constitute a landmark in the Blockchain that will testify to the a priori-computed sample size.

The analytical code [ 23 ] should be shared and made open to prevent analytical errors [ 24 , 25 ]. It provides for version control, but git or any version control system such as mercurial or svn cannot prevent a timestamp alteration [ 26 ].

In fact, trust is built inside the protocol. With the level of trust it can enforce, it should be considered a path through the age of community-driven methodologies.

With the transparency of the Blockchain database — owned by no one, publicly writable by anyone and with strong crypto-oriented consistency of the database transaction — users do not need any third party to trust the system. On the researcher side, data sharing is a subject of great interest and can provide many benefits. Indeed, sharing anonymised raw data, analysable datasets or a statistical analysis plan is a strengthening factor for reproducibility in science, opening clinical trials to secondary analysis or meta-analysis [ 24 , 30 — 32 ].

Blockchain implementations can enable distributed, secure cloud data sharing. The advanced Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT project Enigma, still under testing and not officially released, is most promising. With this kind of implementation, the data can be shared among any users or group of users, whether investigators, publishers or patients.

The idea behind the technique is differential privacy: the user can fine-tune the equilibrium dose between publicly transparent data and control of the shared part between approved entities. Blockchain enables differential privacy in a secure way. Besides archiving clinical trial-phase-compilable metadata on the Blockchain, we can also chain together different clinical trial steps so that each step depends on its predecessor. Practically, Smart Contracts enable the validation of a step with the only condition that every preceding step has been fully validated.

For example, the chain of successive blocks could verify that the designed methodology has been followed, and the material presented to publishers would consist of the publication itself and the set of blocks that constitute the Smart Contract, whose correct execution indicates proof that the study was well conducted. Figure 1 shows that the Smart Contract represents a piece of code that holds a programmatically written contract between as many parties as needed, without any trusted third party, and that executes algorithmically according to the terms provided by the contracting parties.

Examples of Smart Contracts are allowing for patient inclusion with the only condition that they have consented or for enabling data analysis with the only condition that the database is frozen.

Each of the clinical trial steps detailed in the figure can be chained together in a preceding order, consolidating a transparent trial and preventing a posteriori reconstruction or beautification of data. In a proof-of-concept experimental study, we implemented a Blockchain system to collect participant consent for a clinical trial [ 34 ] under review , [ 35 ].

Precisely, in a fake experimental study, we timestamped each patient consent on the Blockchain and asked again for consent renewal with each revision of the protocol.

We obtained a unique master document that holds, in a single data structure or piece of code called Chainscript [ 38 ], all the consent collection data, each bound to a version of revised protocol versions.

Of importance, this master document represents a secure, robust proof of existence of the whole consent-collection process because of a strict one-to-one correspondence between hashed data and effective consent data. Also, this proof of existence can be checked on any dedicated public website. Blockchain technology is a major opportunity for clinical research: it can help in structuring more transparent checkable methodology and, provided a set of core metadata is defined, can help check clinical trial integrity, transparently and partly algorithmically.

Ultimately, Blockchain can lead to the structuration of some kind of community-driven Internet of health data, gathering researchers and patient communities, social networks and Internet of Things data flows, at a global dimension, with features of individual granularity, decentralisation and security and with transparent interactions to ensure easier and more transparent analysis.

Ioannidis JP. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. Problems of reporting genetic associations with complex outcomes. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Genetic associations: False or true?

Trends Mol Med. Irving G, Holden J. How blockchain-timestamped protocols could improve the trustworthiness of medical science [version 1; referees: 2 approved]. Blockchain definition. Accessed 20 Dec Paris 13, Paris, France.

Spirit New guidance for content of clinical trial protocols. Ann Intern Med. Statistical principles for clinical trials. Stat Med. Google Scholar. Quality of Reporting of Metaanalyses.

A proposal for reporting. The importance of beta, the type II error, and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized controlled trial. Medical uses of statistics.

Statistical power, sample size, and their reporting in randomized controlled trials. Sample size of randomized double-blind trials Dan Med Bull.

Ten simple rules for reproducible computational research.

Blockchain-based technologies

The Federal Reserve on Thursday released a highly anticipated report on central bank digital currencies that suggested it is leaning toward having banks and other financial firms, rather than the Fed itself, manage digital accounts for customers. A central bank digital currency would differ in some key ways from the online and digital payments that millions of Americans already conduct. The Fed characterized the potential introduction of a digital currency as a step that could have far-reaching consequences for banks and other financial firms as well as for the central bank itself. The report comes at a time when digital money is proliferating in a variety of forms.

Blockchain and smart contract for IoT enabled smart agriculture

Blockchain has been regarded as an emerging global technological phenomenon. This study uses the patent analysis method to compare the development of blockchain technology in China and the USA. An overview of blockchain policies in China and the USA is presented. Our analyses suggest that policies related to the blockchain stimulate the number of blockchain patent applications and create regional innovation in China. The innovation capability of Chinese enterprises has been more affected by these policies than that of the USA, which is reflected in the fact that Chinese enterprises have become key players in China and actively carry out patent layout in the USA. Although the developmental trend of blockchain technology in China and the USA is almost identical, the USA attaches more importance to safety technology, whereas China pays more attention to the application technology based on the differences in policies. Access to restricted content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in the following ways:. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.

Blockchain Technology Overview

Toggle navigation. Have you forgotten your login? Free and accessible knowledge. Conference papers. Hugo Levard 1 AuthorId : Author.

Стоковые иллюстрации на тему Blockchain Technology

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Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology?-A Systematic Review.

CoinMarketCap News. Crypto Glossary. This is an invention of the API3 protocol. A shielded transaction is essentially a transaction that is between two shielded addresses. Abstract Abstract is something that exists in thought as an idea.

Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology?-A Systematic Review

My concluding thesis is this: peer-to-peer distributed blockchain-based cryptocurrencies as they exist now represent an immature technology and miss much of what we would like to see in a full-fledged cryptocurrency. Whether such a crypto of the future is indeed possible will be left to a follow-up article. I mentioned earlier that Elon Musk would accept Bitcoin in payment for Tesla automobiles except that Bitcoin mining consumes too much electricity and is therefore unfriendly to the planet.

IoT in 2022: IoT turns into a service

This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges of applying blockchain technologies in the education sector. The key blockchain-in-education applications discussed are the digitalization and decentralization of educational certifications and the enhancement and motivation for lifelong learning. Some of the key challenges explored are data protection laws such as the General Data Protection Regulation and the California Consumer Protection Act, which pose impediments for application developers and scalability challenges that arise because of slow-speed blockchain transactions and the Scaling Trilemma. Additionally, market adoption and innovation challenges highlight that blockchain-in-education is a relatively immature innovation that governance bodies within educational institutions often disregard or perceive cautiously. Introduction Methodology Blockchain in education The challenges of applying blockchain in the education sector Conclusion.

Blockchain for Enterprise: Overview, Opportunities and Challenges

Read on as we dig deeper into this innovative solution and uncover how it can improve your business. Blockchain technology is a public digital ledger that records transactions block across several computers chain within a network. While anybody can access the data, no one can change or alter them, keeping the data safe. Blockchain applications help improve businesses in many incredible ways. Blockchain benefits the finance sector through distribution and immutability. Since a single entity does not control the ledger, everyone within the network receives the same information. Given that each person has a copy, erasing, altering, or adding transactions that are not verified is nearly impossible.

A Systematic Overview of Blockchain Research

Many online applications, especially in the financial industries, are running on blockchain technologies in a decentralized manner, without the use of an authoritative entity or a trusted third party. Such systems are only secured by cryptographic protocols and a consensus mechanism. As blockchain-based solutions will continue to revolutionize online applications in a growing digital market in the future, one needs to identify the principal opportunities and potential risks. Hence, it is unavoidable to learn the mathematical and cryptographic procedures behind blockchain technology in order to