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This paper adds to the growing literature of cryptocurrency and behavioral finance. Specifically, we investigate the relationships between the novel investor attention and financial characteristics of Bitcoin, i. Our empirical results show supports in the behavior finance area and argue that investor attention is the granger cause to changes in Bitcoin market both in return and realized volatility. Moreover, we make in-depth investigations by exploring the linear and non-linear connections of investor attention on Bitcoin. The results indeed demonstrate that investor attention shows sophisticated impacts on return and realized volatility of Bitcoin. Furthermore, we conduct one basic and several long horizons out-of-sample forecasts to explore the predictive ability of investor attention.
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- A Bayesian approach to identify Bitcoin users
- Five Star Bank to offer Bitcoin product
- The Future of Crypto Is Bright, But Governments Must Help Manage the Risks
- What's the difference between blockchain and Bitcoin?
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- The many alleged identities of Bitcoin's mysterious creator, Satoshi Nakamoto
- Bitcoin and stock markets: a revisit of relationship
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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. This paper outlines how the digital currency and network technology of bitcoin functions and explores the context from which it emerged. Bitcoin was conceived in as an attempt to alleviate trust in government and banks which was at a low during this period of financial crisis.
However, with bitcoin trust does not dissipate, rather it shifts. Trust moves from trust in banks or states to trust in algorithms and encryption software. The hyperbole of bitcoin discourse is deemed to be an expression of the Californian Ideology, which itself often conceals a right-wing agenda. The paper analyses the hype behind the celebration of decentralised digital networks. It proposes that a form of network fetishism operates here. The failure of bitcoin as a currency rather than as a hoarded commodity in an emergent bubble and as an idea might be attributed to the failure to see how ultra-modern digital networks conceal very traditional consolidation of power and capital.
The rise and fall of bitcoin, in terms of its original ambition, serves as a cautionary tale in the digital age—it reveals how ingenious innovations that might challenge power and the consolidation of capital become co-opted and colonised by capital. Finally, the paper offers a discussion of the possible progressive uses of the digital technology bitcoin has facilitated.
To put it simply to begin, in what was once considered a positive attribute in the rhetoric of the digital economy, bitcoin Footnote 1 is the Uberfication Footnote 2 of money.
With Uber, peers can connect and make travel arrangements within a network without the need for mediation with a central node a regulated taxi firm, for instance. Likewise, with bitcoin. Peers can connect and make financial exchanges within a network without the need for mediation with a central node a bank, financial institution, or government.
This would be an immaterial form of money in which there is no need for mediation with, or trust in, traditional financial institutions. Cyber-libertarians, techno-utopians, venture capitalists and others have celebrated bitcoin as a digital currency that can challenge the global economic order, facilitate forms of freedom, be a decentralising force for good, and revolutionise everything from online commerce to the nation-state. This prospect looks extremely remote just half a decade later, and so there is a very real sense in which bitcoin is already out of date.
On the other hand, the development and operations of digital currencies such as bitcoin, can illuminate the emergent digital economy, its discourse, and its discontents. The digital economy—that is, businesses that rely upon the speed and flows of information technology, the internet, and data—has a purported dynamism.
As such, it is increasingly presented as a hegemonic model and ideal that can legitimate contemporary capitalism more broadly. Srnicek, , p 5 The apparent future of capitalism is at hand in digital economies and bitcoin serves as a prototype digital currency of this economy. Bitcoin is an attempt to establish an autonomous decentralised digital currency and payment system, making online transactions purely peer-to-peer without centralised mediation.
It implements cryptography as a means of verifying and securing online transactions. When a digital transfer is made the owner leaves an identifying signature validating legitimate acquisition of the coins and a unique public key of the next owner. External nodes, or individual CPUs, create a peer-to-peer network that can legitimise transfers and stores this information in a block. A block will contain the transaction history and a complex mathematical algorithm.
Nodes subsequently compete to solve these algorithms, and when successful create a new block—this is referred to as mining for coins. Footnote 5 The successful node wins a new bitcoin and this is the incentive for both the maintenance of the network and the honesty of nodes. In this apparently anonymous Footnote 6 and decentred way, bitcoin does not rely on a central authority or central node to disseminate and regulate the currency.
The blockchain is presented as an algorithmic tool to foster trust in the absence of things like social capital, physical colocation, or trusted third-party management.
This unregulated virtual currency, issued and controlled by its developers, has stepped out of its self-reference to be exchanged for legal tender. This is an innovative use of digital technology and cryptology, but what backs up the value the bitcoins seemed to have on paper? Should the trust and willingness of market participants to exchange fiat currency for bitcoin erode and end then this will result in the potential for permanent and total loss of value of bitcoin.
In this sense, bitcoin can be argued to resemble a Ponzi scheme. Money, markets, and finance, as they have evolved, have had a crucial relationship with technology.
Key moments might include the development of writing in ancient Sumer, and the recording of inventory and trade; the popularisation, emerging in Renaissance Italy, of the balance sheet and banks whereby the different transactions in a society can be gathered together in a single register; the invention of the central bank, with the foundation of the Bank of England in , and the subsequent development of the right to print paper money. The Iowa Electronic Market , created in , was the first virtual market where all interactions took place online.
In brief, this encapsulates the broad narrative of the dematerialisation of money outlined by Goux whereby money passes through three stages—from gold or metallic or material money to paper a representation of money to the era of immaterial digital and credit money.
Bitcoin is an emergent dematerialised digital currency. The development of automatic trading and the creation of electronic financial products have profoundly modified the organisation of markets and financial exchanges themselves. The key analytical issues they raise are no longer principally about value and representation—as in gold and paper money—but rather security and encryption. The development of financialization, Footnote 7 concomitant with technological changes, has not necessarily improved financial affairs for the majority.
Rather it has facilitated the capitalist trend toward monopolistic power, consolidated, intensified, and legitimated neoliberalism, and resulted in periods of boom and bust, arguably leading most recently to the sub-prime mortgage financial crash of The context of bitcoin is the hyper-real economy Baldwin, emerging from the confluence of the abandonment of the gold standard , the processes of quantification of phenomena, the growth of financialization, and the realisation of the digital society and New Economy.
The latter includes high-technology industry, business and financial services, lending and speculation, the media, and e-cultural industries. Bitcoin, and its blockchain technology, is a form of dematerialised money, a pure token devoid of any connection to an underlying material substance, money created ex nihilo, and as simulacra without reference to the real.
Bitcoin then, as a virtual currency in a virtual network, is thoroughly reliant upon new digital technologies, and interestingly itself claims to have arisen as a response and solution to the crash of The bailout of the banks in response to the crash of —a socialist solution to a capitalist problem—is suggested to be crucial in the impetus behind bitcoin.
There may be some opportunism here, however bitcoin was launched in a paper published on 31 October under the name Satoshi Nakamoto. This date was shortly after the collapse of Lehman Brothers on 15 September , and the near crash of the global financial system.
In what is known as the Genesis block, the very first block of data in bitcoin, there was a concealed message stored in the coinbase. In launching bitcoin as a peer-to-peer currency, Nakamoto suggests:. The central bank must be trusted not to debase the currency, but the history of fiat currencies is full of breaches of that trust. Banks must be trusted to hold our money and transfer it electronically, but they lend it out in waves of credit bubbles with barely a fraction in reserve.
We have to trust them with our privacy, trust them not to let identity thieves drain our accounts. Trust in government and banking was at a low in the crash period and Nakamoto makes capital out of this. The trust and belief in bitcoin as a remedy to purported problems with traditional finance has been reflected in the popular discourse around bitcoin.
There is hyperbole, half-truth, and excitement here and much blurring in this discourse between bitcoin as currency, bitcoin as technology, bitcoin as the free market realised, bitcoin as commodity, bitcoin as investment, cryptocurrency as in bitcoin, cryptocurrency in general, the blockchain as in bitcoin, or the blockchain as in general. Digital discussion is discomfortingly reliant on the Californian Ideology and business, journalistic, investor, and enthusiast commentary regarding the apparent utopian impact of digital technologies on economies and societies in the twenty first century.
This discourse is not disinterested. Footnote This discourse considers progress due to network technology as being a natural law and inevitable. It is seen as something that the social should serve rather than serving the social. There are examples of how, like other digital intermediaries, bitcoin enthusiasts must discursively frame their services and technologies as the march of progress, as superior, natural, and inevitable.
They must also lay out a cultural imaginary within which their service makes sense Wyatt, During Fordism, technology discourse and the cultural imaginary legitimated the interventionist welfare state, central planning in business and the economy, the hierarchized coroporation, and the tenured worker.
Such a cultural imaginary is one in which centralization is deemed an impediment to the decentralised flow of neoliberal finance. All government, especially centralised government is deemed oppressive, all central banks are rotten, finance and consumption must face no temporal or spatial limit, and freedom is freedom to engage smoothly in markets and neoliberalism and not freedom from markets and neoliberalism.
Any form of regulation, law, centralisation, organisation, and collectivity, is rendered politically problematic and invisible to this imaginary. Such notions are considered big government interference, the road to serfdom, and an obstacle to be overcome.
The corporation, neoliberalism, the free market, and economic power however, apparently need no check on their own trustworthiness, centralisation, growth and consolidation. Further innovations may be oriented towards that idea of how technology is to function in the social and cultural imaginary. This discourse functions to make the terms compelling for digital intermediaries to appeal to users, especially in contrast to traditional mass media or, in the case of bitcoin, traditional economic institutions.
There is no neat ideological fit between the digital dream of the decentralized, open, participatory web, and the digital reality. Within such fissures critique can operate.
First, that decentralized networks and free-markets without regulation or government mediation are fully enabling and apolitical. I challenge this by emphasising the right-wing ideology inherent in bitcoin technology and discourse. Second, there is a valorisation of decentralisation that is in some sense a progression from centralisation. This notion forgets the architecture and origins of the internet.
It also omits the threats to decentralisation such as the virus and hacking. Finally, there is a utopian sensibility around the network that does not consider the problems of networks. I suggest this is a form of network-fetishism. Much of the digital economy has right-wing origins whether these are made explicit or eschewed.
Bitcoin is celebrated as utilising a decentred network in a way that purportedly challenges centralisation. Decentralized networks are deemed a natural progression over centralised networks.
Such claims often ignore the historical architecture of the internet. Baran Footnote 14 discusses three types of network: centralized, decentralized, and distributed.
A decentralized network, with no central node that can be destroyed, will allow military communication to be maintained. This will allow the US to return nuclear fire Footnote 17 and lead to mutually assured destruction. In summation, the creation of a cheap, and therefore weak network designed to maintain US military communication in the case of nuclear war has been adapted Footnote 18 and adopted to influence the architecture of what we now know as the Internet.
Whilst decentralization, in its response to a perceived threat, has facilitated certain elements of electronic communication it also opens a new problem: the computer virus. The possible threat to a centralized node may have been somewhat alleviated but this does not create security, instead the threat simply changes location.
The decentralized multiple and weak nodes are now made vulnerable to viruses, worms, hacking, cyberterrorism, anomalies, accidents, assemblages, contagions, and so forth. The very nature of a decentralised network with multiple weak nodes and packet-switching produces the perfect environment for a virus to spread and hacking to occur.
Packet-switching is a mode of data transmission in which a message is broken into a number of parts which are sent independently, over whatever route is optimum for each packet, and reassembled at the destination.
A Bayesian approach to identify Bitcoin users
Startup times are instant because it operates in conjunction with high-performance servers that handle the most complicated parts of the Bitcoin system. In short, not really. The Electrum client never sends private keys to the servers. In addition, it verifies the information reported by servers, using a technique called Simple Payment Verification.
Five Star Bank to offer Bitcoin product
This op-ed was originally published by The New York Times. Bitcoin, the original cryptocurrency, has been on a wild ride since its creation in Then it fell to half that value in just a few weeks. Are cryptocurrencies the wave of the future and should you be using and investing in them? Bitcoin was created by a person or group that remains unidentified to this day as a way to conduct transactions without the intervention of a trusted third party, such as a central bank or financial institution. Its emergence amid the global financial crisis, which shook trust in banks and even governments, was perfectly timed. Bitcoin enabled transactions using only digital identities, granting users some degree of anonymity. This made Bitcoin the preferred currency for illicit activities, including recent ransomware attacks.
The Future of Crypto Is Bright, But Governments Must Help Manage the Risks
It will also examine the accounting and regulatory, and privacy issues surrounding the space. Bitcoin , blockchain , initial coin offerings , ether , exchanges. Originally known for their reputation as havens for criminals and money launderers, cryptocurrencies have come a long way—with regards to both technological advancement and popularity. The technology underlying cryptocurrencies has been said to have powerful applications in various sectors ranging from healthcare to media.
What's the difference between blockchain and Bitcoin?
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One reason why so many people invest in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is the potential for out-of-this-world returns. That is what helps make the crypto market a prime space for scammers looking for easy money. To help keep your investment safe, beware of the following Bitcoin scams. In , the South Korean government spotted one of the most well-known examples of a fake Bitcoin exchange. BitKRX named itself after the Korea Exchange, KRX, the largest trading platform in the country, and posed as a branch of the platform to lure investors in and take their money.
The many alleged identities of Bitcoin's mysterious creator, Satoshi Nakamoto
Integrate once and never worry about scaling again. Solana ensures composability between ecosystem projects by maintaining a single global state as the network scales. Never deal with fragmented Layer 2 systems or sharded chains.
Bitcoin and stock markets: a revisit of relationship
RELATED VIDEO: THIS IS THE FUTURE OF CRYPTO!The bitcoin network is a peer-to-peer payment network that operates on a cryptographic protocol. Users send and receive bitcoins , the units of currency, by broadcasting digitally signed messages to the network using bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet software. Transactions are recorded into a distributed, replicated public database known as the blockchain , with consensus achieved by a proof-of-work system called mining. Satoshi Nakamoto , the designer of bitcoin, claimed that design and coding of bitcoin began in The project was released in as open source software. The network requires minimal structure to share transactions.
Subscriber Account active since. The family of a deceased man, David Kleiman, is claiming their family member helped create the popular digital currency and is suing Kleiman's alleged business partner in the endeavor, Craig Wright, for half of Satoshi Nakemoto's 1. For the past five years, Wright has been claiming on and off that he created Bitcoin, but has failed to provide any proof of his ownership. The creator could easily prove their identity by moving even a fraction of the cache of Bitcoin, or using the private key that controls the account. The identity of Bitcoin's creator, known only as "Satoshi Nakamoto," has long been a point of major interest, especially as their personal wealth continues to grow.
White supremacists embraced cryptocurrency early in its development, and in some cases produced million-dollar profits through the technology, reshaping the racist right in radical ways, a Hatewatch analysis found. Hatewatch identified and compiled over cryptocurrency addresses associated with white supremacists and other prominent far-right extremists for this essay and then probed their transaction histories through blockchain analysis software. Less than a quarter of Americans presently own some form of cryptocurrency as of May
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whether there are analogs?