Blockchain architectures for supply chain
Modern supply chains are faster, more dynamic, and more volatile than ever before. The digital economy thrives on scouring the globe for new markets and new sources of supply. Furthermore, agile supply networks outpace rigid supply chains, anticipating demand from empowered customers. But in contrast with rigid legacy supply chains that bind known and trusted vendors, an agile network of temporary suppliers might damage customer experience by concealing the origin and characteristics of components or ingredients. Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies can help by increasing visibility of supply chain documentation.
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Content:
- Blockchain for Supply Chain: Track and Trace
- Supply Chain Visibility using Blockchain
- Blockchain applications and architectures for port operations and logistics management
- Building a Transparent Supply Chain
- Blockchain
- The Architecture of Blockchain System across the Manufacturing Supply Chain
- Real-time supply chain - a blockchain architecture for project deliveries
- A Blockchain-based Approach for Drug Traceability in Healthcare Supply Chain
- Deploying Blockchain Technology in the Supply Chain
- The Role Of Blockchain In Supply Chain Management
Blockchain for Supply Chain: Track and Trace
Blockchain is one of the technologies that can support digital transformation in industries in many aspects. This sophisticated technology can provide a decentralized, transparent, and secure environment for organizations and businesses. This review article discusses the adoption of blockchain in the ports and shipping industry to support digital transformation. It also explores the integration of this technology into the current ports and shipping ecosystem.
Besides, the study highlighted the situation of the supply chains management in ports and shipping domain as a case study in this field. The investigated studies show that blockchain can be integrated into processes such as financial and document workflow.
This review contributes to research by focusing on the adoption of blockchain in the ports and shipping industry to support digital transformation. It also aims to understand the existing port practice and map it with current tendencies based on blockchain. This study gives insight analysis to incorporate blockchain technology into ports and shipping processes globally. Recently, the need for digital transformation in the business world has increased in many sectors.
Logistics and ports are considered in this discussion to exemplify these advances because technology changes and advancements have affected seaports and supply chains SCs worldwide [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The adoption of the digital revolution is important to retain competitiveness in the logistics sector due to the promise of sustainability, efficiency, costs, and security requirements. Nowadays, to develop smart ports, government agencies should implement solutions of information technologies to facilitate better management and planning between and within ports.
The current transformation emphasizes the adoption of digitization skills to effectively control, monitor, and positively measure port activities [ 4 , 5 ]. The shipping and port sectors require the digital transformation and new technologies to help in achieving high efficiency, security, transparency, decreased risks, and ease of tracking [ 6 ].
These industry sectors are optimistic regarding the ability of new technologies and digital transformation to help them achieve increased transparency, security and efficiency, ease of tracking, and decreased risk arising from port activities [ 8 , 9 ].
Furthermore, it discovers the current situation of the digital transformation and technologies in the ports and shipping operations to provide a thorough analysis and guidelines for adopting blockchain to support SC management. This study provides insights into the blockchain-based supply chain and products tracking by investigating the following research questions: — What are the current technologies and digitization trends in ports? In this study, a thorough literature review was conducted to examine the effects of the digital transformation in ports and the shipping industry.
An exhaustive review of the current technologies in the context of ports and the shipping industry was discussed. The SC management was discussed as a use case of blockchain in ports and shipping domains. In addition, a guideline for adopting blockchain to support the digital transformation in the ports and shipping industry was followed by using the SWOT. The main contributions are as follows: — Investigate the current technologies and digital transformations used in ports and shipping.
The remaining of the research was organized as follows: Section 2 explains the blockchain background, Section 3 provides a brief literature review in different methods applied in supporting ports and shipping, Section 4 discusses the role of blockchains support for digital transformation in shipping and ports, Section 5 gives an overview of blockchain-based SC use case in ports and shipping, including Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats SWOT analysis and study limitations, and Section 6 summarizes the conclusion and the future work of the research.
Blockchain technology provides a promising future for different domains, such as the real estate industry, the Internet of Things IoT technology, the supply chain management SCM industry, the healthcare industry, the financial services industry, and much more [ 10 ]. Basically, blockchain technology can be considered as a sequence of blocks, which contains a complete list of the transaction and tamper-resistant digital ledger implemented in a distributed way i.
Blockchain allows users to record their transactions in a shared ledger within a community, so that any transaction cannot be changed once it is published, and any changes made on the transactions will be displayed to everybody in the network and who did it and if that person is authorized to make these changes or not [ 12 ]. This technology became widely known in with the establishment of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency blockchain. Since the first blockchain application i.
However, the use of cryptocurrencies in the financial sector is just one application field for the blockchain technology. Moreover, the blockchain can be introduced as a technology that can change the business cultures, the SC management, and different industries [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].
In general, blockchain technology allows the sharing, storage, and transfer the data in secure way between many users in a distributed and decentralized digital ledger without the need to an intermediary. Moreover, it affects the transaction costs and enhances the performance and communication [ 17 ]. According to Nakamoto [ 18 ], blockchain technology included the blueprint of the most modern cryptocurrency schemes.
Bitcoin was just the first of many blockchain applications [ 10 ]. One of these applications is blockchain-based SCM in the ports and shipping industry, in recent days SCM becoming a massive industry. One of the most important aspects of SCs is transport and logistics, which depends on the shipping industry to ship the products around the world.
It has an important role in the raw material shipments from the providers or the suppliers to the manufacturers and the shipment of the final form of the products from the manufacturers to customers, retailers, or the end users [ 21 ]. However, the problem with the traditional SCM is untrusted methods of data collecting and sharing, which can be easily manipulated by unauthorized parties if they gain access to the SCM system. This can hugely create a negative impact on the data security, traceability, and transparency in sharing the data and information between customers and suppliers, and between suppliers themselves in the SCM industry [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].
However, blockchain is a great solution to traceability, transparency, data sharing, and much more issues in SCM in ports and shipping domains. As a result, many of the companies and businesses who are interested in the distributed and decentralized applications are encouraging early use of the technology for organizations to continue and stay competitive in the global market [ 25 ].
Many businesses e. Moreover, these two businesses i. In the logistics and transportation domain, many researchers find a lot of possibilities for blockchain technology to enhance the products tracking and tracing, secure the data, and enhance transparency solutions in the blockchain-based SCM [ 25 ].
However, after conducting a literature review that addressed the importance of the digital transformation in the ports and shipping industry, blockchain technology is a decentralized database consisting of copies of identical data represented in blocks with distributed storage. It can be further defined as a peer-to-peer network-based distributed database, which consists of block sequences with transactions that are timestamped, certified by the network community, and secured using cryptography [ 28 ].
Moreover, each block keeps the record of finished transactions in storage. The participants confirm all transactions, which become unchangeable after completion, and these transactions have a timestamp that shows how and when a transaction was completed [ 29 ]. There is a low risk of fabrication due to general block dependency and decentralization.
Decentralization eradicates the need for an intermediary that authenticates and verifies transactions and keeps all data; instead, the technology establishes a direct link between the participants, enabling post-factum actions and communication [ 31 , 32 , 33 ].
Today, blockchain technology is used in many sectors, including government and big business. It has been implemented widely in banking services and financial markets by reinventing financial services, payments, and economics [ 34 ].
Blockchain is now considered as a transformation tool in various industries, including healthcare, wildlife management, data management, governance, logistics, and SCs [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. The technology can be linked back to the dot-com era in the s, as cryptocurrencies have resemblances with e-cash and digital and wallet coins implemented in Europe and the United States. However, this technology did not last due to banks and the use of credit cards. Blockchain technology was built to solve the double-spending issues that happened in e-transactions.
At the basic level, blockchain technology composes of bitcoin, which is a digital currency that is executed on a peer-to-peer network without the existence of a third party [ 38 ]. The blockchain can be used in a variety of applications, such as finance, cryptocurrency, IoT, and SC management applications.
Blockchain can improve the quality of those applications from different aspects, such as confidentiality, speed, and security. To discover the capabilities of implementing blockchain technology in different domains, many companies began to create a variety of research centers to enhance this technology [ 39 ]. However, blockchain technology still has many issues, such as the size of the blocks in the blockchains, the blockchain efficiency such as transaction transfer and latency , scalability, and privacy, which still needed a lot of technical solutions.
The main characteristics of blockchain technology and the description of each of them are presented in Table 1 [ 12 , 38 ]. Blockchain has been considered a solution that simplifies maritime communication by solving issues related to the intermediary, data security, communication issues, point-to-point communication, transparency, and transaction visibility [ 40 ].
In terms of the use of current technologies in ports and shipping, we survey current digital transformation technologies in the coming sections. The shipping industry started automation and mechanization in the early s after containerization. Today, techniques and procedures used in processing information have evolved, but the maritime industry has been slow in adopting digital technologies compared to other sectors.
Ports need to adopt technologies, such as connected devices, artificial intelligence, geospatial technology, and automation due to stricter environmental standards, increased regulations, and cost pressures.
However, various ports have established digital programs. The port of Hamburg, for instance, has run 5G tests in diverse applications. Ship sensors were put in place to transmit real-time environmental and movement data across large port areas. Elsewhere, traffic lights were linked to the mobile network to regulate them remotely via the port and improve efficiency and safety processes.
The success of such trials would result in more secure connections between logistic companies and ports, which would provide a basis for an intelligent IoT supply chain [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Accelerated information and communication technologies have led to changing service systems and making them smart systems [ 47 ]. The main reason for the emergence of smart services is tremendous technological advances in recent years [ 48 ].
In recent years, smart technologies have played a significant and decisive role in enhancing the competitive advantages of ports and shipping operations. Smart technologies are used in port operations to promote productivity, safety procedures, vision, and effectiveness in port procedures and shipping [ 49 ].
Smart systems of the ports and shipping enable increased operational efficiency, enhance transparency levels, enable logistics chains traceability, and improve the activities of ports and shipping operations [ 50 ]. Smart technologies in ports are used to support all activities of warehousing, shipping terminal operations, logistics services, and transportation in the port by using a particular connected wireless network. Recently, studies and research on many information systems have focused on smart technologies in port activities [ 49 ].
Smart technologies mean innovative technologies, depending on an artificial intelligence [ 51 ]. With the increase in the quantities of goods shipped through ports globally, goods-handling operations in the ports must be conducted efficiently and using the latest artificial intelligence technologies [ 52 ].
The information system literature has determined the leading intelligence technologies used in ports [ 49 ]. The information system literature reviewed information and communications technology applications used in ports and identified a range of these technologies that are recently widespread in ports. These technologies classified are as follows. GNSS is also known as satellite navigation or satnav, and it provides detailed timing and location services using satellites.
Thus, there is an increasing interest in GNSS potential for rescue and search operations, coastal navigation, inland waterways navigation, and leisure craft users. Modern forms of communication are crucial in the present global shipping and freighting industries. Complex SCs offer a flexible and fast response to client demands and need a precise information flow for control, planning, and tracking.
From the beginning, many containerizations and freighting industrial sectors saw EDI as the ideal solution for communicating much-needed information [ 55 ]. EDI automates the recording, sending, reception, and generation of exchange documents; improves management accuracy; enhances customer services; reduces costs by optimizing processes; and reduces response times.
The technology has enabled the shipping industry to reduce stopover and freight waiting times, boost and streamline administrative procedures, reduce errors through automation, increase traceability, tracking, and visibility, and increase performance in storage areas. Also, it has enabled the integration of the whole intermodal operations [ 55 ]. RFID is an automated data collection and identification technology, including passports, access cards, and toll tags.
An item to be tracked is branded with a tag or transponder, which unilaterally broadcasts its unique ID number after a request from an RFID reader. The reader then passes the tag data to middleware with formats, which then aggregates and filters the data for interpretation. It is mostly used to track and identify inventory, assets, and people without needing a line of sight, and it can be read at varying ranges and encoded with a substantial amount of data.
This differs from other automatic identification and data capture technologies. RFID was adopted by the ports market immediately after its inception and has continued to be a growing area for the technology.
Supply Chain Visibility using Blockchain
The basis for application of new technologies in organizations is supported by the continuous analysis of data and information from multiple sources. Blockchain is one of the new technologies that, in association with the concepts and principles of Industry 4. Much has been said about the potential of blockchain technology, its benefits, and its disruptive impact in various areas, including supply chain management. In the academic field, however, the development of this topic is in full swing, as a growing number of scientific studies have been published without a theoretical convergence of their foundations, concepts, and authors being noted. Thus, considering the initial stage of the scientific debate of this object of analysis, this research aimed to understand the scenario of the adoption of blockchain in supply chain management based on academic publications evidencing its characteristics and benefits, through a systematic literature review. Due to profound analysis, characteristics and benefits of its application on supply chain management as transparency, confidence, information decentralization, and information security are disclosed in this study.
Blockchain applications and architectures for port operations and logistics management
Jump to Main Content. Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Toggle navigation PubAg. Selections 0 Show Selections Clear Selections. Blockchain technology adoption, architecture, and sustainable agri-food supply chains Author: Samant Saurabh , Kushankur Dey Source: Journal of cleaner production v. The application of such technologies as blockchain, Internet-of-Things, wireless sensor networks, cloud computing, and machine learning can improve the agri-food supply chain efficiency and quality management.
Building a Transparent Supply Chain
Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Solution Idea. If you'd like to see us expand this article with more information, such as potential use cases, alternative services, implementation considerations, or pricing guidance, let us know with GitHub Feedback! A common blockchain pattern is the IoT-enabled monitoring of an asset, as it moves along a multi-party supply chain.
Blockchain
In this article, you will learn about the role of blockchain in supply chain management. Calling blockchain one of the most disruptive technologies to ever be invented is not an understatement. Integrating blockchain in any industry can enhance its proceedings, and the article will talk about the Supply Chain Management circle. The sector has come a long way in a few years and nowadays, it can garner a global reach. But its international expansion has brought several complications as well.
The Architecture of Blockchain System across the Manufacturing Supply Chain
As modern supply chains continue to expand, they also are becoming more complex and disparate. Typically, traditional supply chains use paper based and disjointed data systems that lead to information silos and make tracking products a time consuming task. Lack of traceability and transparency is an industry-wide challenge that leads to delays, errors, and increased costs. Modern supply chain participants need a unified view of data, while still being able to independently and privately verify transactions such as production and transport updates. In the supply chain industry, track and trace refers to the ability to identify the past and present locations of all product inventory, as well as a history of product custody. Track and trace requires following products through a complex journey from raw material, through multiple geographic regions for processing and manufacturing, through regulatory control, and finally, to retailers and consumers.
Real-time supply chain - a blockchain architecture for project deliveries
Healthcare supply chains are complex structures spanning across multiple organizational and geographical boundaries, providing critical backbone to services vital for everyday life. The inherent complexity of such systems can introduce impurities including inaccurate information, lack of transparency, and limited data provenance. Counterfeit drugs is one consequence of such limitations within existing supply chains which not only has serious adverse impact on human health but also causes severe economic loss to the healthcare industry.
A Blockchain-based Approach for Drug Traceability in Healthcare Supply Chain
RELATED VIDEO: Using Blockchain Technology To Manage Supply Chains: How Smart Contracts Can Transform Supply ChainsEnterprise-level energy delivery systems EDSs depend on different software or hardware vendors to achieve operational efficiency. Critical components of these systems are typically manufactured and integrated by overseas suppliers, which expands the attack surface to adversaries with additional opportunities to infiltrate into EDSs. Due to this reason, the risk management of the EDS supply chain is crucial to ensure that we are knowledgeable about the vulnerabilities in software and hardware components that comprise any critical part, quantifiable risk metrics to assess the severity and exploitability of the attack, and provide remediation solutions that can influence a prioritized mitigation plan. The enterprises have realized significant advantages due to such outsourcing activities in terms of continuous support services, just-in-time deliveries, elimination of inventories, globalization, and reduced operational cost. Although these proprietary commercial-off-the-shelf solutions offer high interoperability characteristics with a large variety of product features which the consumer enterprise may not need, integration of such products and services in the critical EDS infrastructures significantly increases the risk of supply chain—related threats, which could adversely impact the reliability of bulk electric systems BESs.
Deploying Blockchain Technology in the Supply Chain
Hae DSpacesta. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Real-time supply chain - a blockchain architecture for project deliveries Helo, Petri; Shamsuzzoha, A. This paper illustrates the needs and requirements for managing supply chains in multi-company project environments by adopting various tracking and tracing technologies. This kind of tracking and tracing is especially needed within distributed architectures engaged in project-based businesses, where several vendors are involved in a single project. Such tracking and tracing data can be used extensively to generate key performance indicators, which can be used to measure and control supply chain processes.
The Role Of Blockchain In Supply Chain Management
Make Submissions Propose a Special Issue. Blockchain is an emerging decentralized distributed technology that can cross the boundaries and guarantee safe and trustworthy value transfers between participants. Combining the blockchain technology with the Internet of Things IoT technology to enhance the transparency and sustainability of agricultural supply chains, has attracted researchers from both academia and industry. This paper reviews the latest applications of the blockchain and IoT technologies in the sustainable agricultural supply chain management and explores the design and implementation of a blockchain-based sustainable solution.
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