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Web Crypto API
Errata for this document will be gathered from issues. See also translations. W3C liability , trademark and document use rules apply. This specification describes a JavaScript API for performing basic cryptographic operations in web applications, such as hashing, signature generation and verification, and encryption and decryption.
Uses for this API range from user or service authentication, document or code signing, and the confidentiality and integrity of communications. This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. An implementation report is also available as well as reports sent to the mailing list. Ongoing discussion will be on the public-web-security w3.
This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document.
W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent.
An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim s must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy. The Web Cryptography API defines a low-level interface to interacting with cryptographic key material that is managed or exposed by user agents. The API itself is agnostic of the underlying implementation of key storage, but provides a common set of interfaces that allow rich web applications to perform operations such as signature generation and verification, hashing and verification, encryption and decryption, without requiring access to the raw keying material.
Cryptographic transformations are exposed via the SubtleCrypto interface, which defines a set of methods for performing common cryptographic operations. In addition to operations such as signature generation and verification, hashing and verification, and encryption and decryption, the API provides interfaces for key generation, key derivation and key import and export.
Rather than using transport-layer authentication, such as TLS client certificates, the web application may prefer the richer user experience provided by authenticating within the application itself. Using the Web Cryptography API, the application could locate suitable client keys, which may have been previously generated via the user agent or pre-provisioned out-of-band by the web application.
It could then perform cryptographic operations such as decrypting an authentication challenge followed by signing an authentication response. This exchange could be further strengthened by binding the authentication to the TLS session over which the client is authenticating, by deriving a key based on properties of the underlying transport.
If a user does not already have a key associated with their account, the web application could direct the user agent to either generate a new key or to re-use an existing key of the user's choice. A web application may wish to limit the viewership of documents that contain sensitive or personal information, even when these documents have been securely received, such as over TLS.
Using the Web Cryptography API, the application could do so by encrypting the documents with a secret key, and then wrapping that key with the public keys associated with the authorized viewers. When a user agent navigates to such a web application, the application would send the encrypted form of the document.
The user agent is then instructed to unwrap the encryption key, using the user's private key, and from there, decrypt and display the document. A web application may wish to permit users to protect the confidentiality of data and documents stored with remote service providers prior to uploading.
Using the Web Cryptography API, the application may have a user select a private or secret key, optionally derive an encryption key from the selected key, encrypt the document, and then upload the encrypted data to the service provider using existing APIs.
This use case is similar to the Protected Document Exchange use case, with viewership of the document limited to the user themself. A web application may wish to accept electronic signatures on documents, in lieu of requiring physical signatures. Using the Web Cryptography API, the application may direct the user to select a key, which may have been pre-provisioned out-of-band, or generated specifically for the web application. Using this key, the application may perform a signing operation over some data, as proof that the user accepts the document.
A web application may wish to cache data locally, while ensuring that this data cannot be modified in an offline attack. Using the Web Cryptography API, the application may use a public key contained within the application to verify the contents of the data cache. Previously, when data was added to the cache, it would have been signed by the server with the corresponding private key.
By validating the signature when restoring data from the cache, the client ensures that the cached data has not been tampered with. A web application may wish to employ message layer security using schemes such as off-the-record OTR messaging, even when these messages have been securely received, such as over TLS.
The two parties can negotiate shared encryption keys and message authentication code MAC keys, to allow encryption and decryption of messages, and to prevent tampering. As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative.
Everything else in this specification is normative. This specification uses both the terms "conforming user agent" and "user agent" to refer to this product class. Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps may be implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is equivalent. In particular, the algorithms defined in this specification are intended to be easy to follow, and not intended to be performant.
Unless otherwise stated, string comparisons are done in a case-sensitive manner. String literals in this specification written in monospace font like "this" do not include the enclosing quotes. Vendor-specific proprietary extensions to this specification are strongly discouraged.
Authors must not use such extensions, as doing so reduces interoperability and fragments the user base, allowing only users of specific user agents to access the content in question. If vendor-specific extensions are needed, the members should be prefixed by vendor-specific strings to prevent clashes with future versions of this specification. Extensions must be defined so that the use of extensions neither contradicts nor causes the non-conformance of functionality defined in the specification.
When vendor-neutral extensions to this specification are needed, either this specification can be updated accordingly, or an extension specification can be written that overrides the requirements in this specification.
When someone applying this specification to their activities decides that they will recognize the requirements of such an extension specification, it becomes an applicable specification for the purposes of conformance requirements in this specification. The specification attempts to focus on the common functionality and features between various platform-specific or standardized cryptographic APIs, and avoid features and functionality that are specific to one or two implementations. As such this API allows key generation, management, and exchange with a level of abstraction that avoids developers needing to care about the implementation of the underlying key storage.
The API is focused specifically around CryptoKey objects, as an abstraction for the underlying raw cryptographic keying material. The intent behind this is to allow an API that is generic enough to allow conforming user agents to expose keys that are stored and managed directly by the user agent, that may be stored or managed using isolated storage APIs such as per-user key stores provided by some operating systems, or within key storage devices such as secure elements, while allowing rich web applications to manipulate the keys and without requiring the web application be aware of the nature of the underlying key storage.
Because the underlying cryptographic implementations will vary between conforming user agents, and may be subject to local policy, including but not limited to concerns such as government or industry regulation, security best practices, intellectual property concerns, and constrained operational environments, this specification does not dictate a mandatory set of algorithms that MUST be implemented.
Instead, it defines a common set of bindings that can be used in an algorithm-independent manner, a common framework for discovering if a user agent or key handle supports the underlying algorithm, and a set of conformance requirements for the behaviors of individual algorithms, if implemented. This API, while allowing applications to generate, retrieve, and manipulate keying material, does not specifically address the provisioning of keys in particular types of key storage, such as secure elements or smart cards.
This is due to such provisioning operations often being burdened with vendor-specific details that make defining a vendor-agnostic interface an unsuitably unbounded task.
Additionally, this API does not deal with or address the discovery of cryptographic modules, as such concepts are dependent upon the underlying user agent and are not concepts that are portable between common operating systems, cryptographic libraries, and implementations.
This specification assumes, but does not require, that conforming user agents do not and will not be directly implementing cryptographic operations within the user agent itself. Historically, many user agents have deferred cryptographic operations, such as those used within TLS, to existing APIs that are available as part of the underlying operating system or to third-party modules that are managed independently of the user agent.
The CryptoKey object represents the bridge between the JavaScript execution environment and these underlying libraries, through the use of the internal slot named [[ handle ]]. The handle represents an opaque type that is implementation specific, which may not be represented within a JavaScript type, nor is it ever exposed to script authors. In this way, the CryptoKey object is the conceptual equivalent to the JavaScript executing environment as the [[ handle ]] is to the underlying cryptographic implementation.
These APIs are traditionally built around a notion of cryptographic providers, an abstraction for a specific implementation of a set of algorithms. The operating system or library may come with a default provider, and users are frequently allowed to add additional providers, reconfigure the set of enabled algorithms, or otherwise customize how cryptographic services are provided. While it is assumed that most user agents will be interacting with a cryptographic provider that is implemented purely in software, it is not required by this specification.
As a result, the capabilities of some implementations may be limited by the capabilities of the underlying hardware, and, depending on how the user has configured the underlying cryptographic library, this may be entirely opaque to the User Agent.
This specification does not explicitly provide any new storage mechanisms for CryptoKey objects. Instead, by allowing the CryptoKey to be used with the structured clone algorithm, any existing or future web storage mechanisms that support storing structured clonable objects can be used to store CryptoKey objects.
This allows the storage and retrieval of key material, without ever exposing that key material to the application or the JavaScript environment. Additionally, this allows authors the full flexibility to store any additional metadata with the CryptoKey itself. By not providing an explicit storage mechanism, this specification assumes that CryptoKey objects are scoped to the current execution environment and any storage mechanisms available to that environment e. Indexed Database API.
Application authors rely upon this for the security of their applications; two origins with the same CryptoKey object have full access to the underlying key, and as such, messages from these applications cannot be distinguished, and messages sent to these applications can be fully recovered.
Implementors should ensure that no CryptoKey objects are shared between two origins unless the author has explicitly chosen to share e. A number of algorithms specified within this specification perform computationally intensive work, such as the generation of significantly large prime numbers, or through repeated iterations of a particular operation.
As such, hostile applications may attempt to misuse this API and attempt to cause significant amount of work to be performed by an implementation, denying access or services to other applications that are executing. Implementations should take steps to mitigate these risks, such as limiting the amount of operations an implementation performs concurrently, requiring user consent for operations that may be known to be disruptive for the executing environment, or defining device-specific limits on attributes such as key sizes or iteration counts.
This specification includes descriptions for a variety of cryptographic operations, some of which have known weaknesses when used inappropriately. Application developers must take care and review appropriate and current cryptographic literature, to understand and mitigate such issues.
In general, application developers are strongly discouraged from inventing new cryptographic protocols; as with all applications, users of this specification will be best served through the use of existing protocols, of which this specification provides the necessary building blocks to implement. In order to use the APIs defined in this specification to provide any meaningful cryptographic assurances, authors must be familiar with existing threats to web applications, as well as the underlying security model employed.
Conceptually, issues such as script injection are the equivalent to remote code execution in other operating environments, and allowing hostile script to be injected may allow for the exfiltration of keys or data. Script injection may come from other applications, for which the judicious use of Content Security Policy may mitigate, or it may come from hostile network intermediaries, for which the use of Transport Layer Security may mitigate. This specification does not define any specific mechanisms for the storage of cryptographic keys.
By default, unless specific effort is taken by the author to persist keys, such as through the use of the Indexed Database API , keys created with this API will only be valid for the duration of the current page e. Authors that wish to use the same key across different pages or multiple browsing sessions must employ existing web storage technologies. Authors should be aware of the security assumptions of these technologies, such as the same-origin security model; that is, any application that shares the same scheme, host, and port have access to the same storage partition, even if other information, such as the path, may differ.
Authors may explicitly choose to relax this security through the use of inter-origin sharing, such as postMessage. Authors should be aware that this specification places no normative requirements on implementations as to how the underlying cryptographic key material is stored. The only requirement is that key material is not exposed to script, except through the use of the exportKey and wrapKey operations.
In particular, it does not guarantee that the underlying cryptographic key material will not be persisted to disk, possibly unencrypted, nor that it will be inaccessible to users or other applications running with the same privileges as the User Agent. Any application or user that has access to the device storage may be able to recover the key material, even through scripts may be prohibited. This specification places no normative requirements on how implementations handle key material once all references to it go away.
That is, conforming user agents are not required to zeroize key material, and it may still be accessible on device storage or device memory, even after all references to the CryptoKey have gone away.
How to Choose the Best Blockchain API for Your Project
This reference contains only njs specific properties, methods and modules not compliant with ECMAScript. List of all njs properties and methods can be found in Compatibility. All string properties of the object are byte strings. The Foo request header can be accessed with the syntax: headersIn. Duplicate field values in all other request headers are separated by commas. Field values of multi-value response headers 0. Duplicate field values in all other response headers are separated by commas.
Private, Secure Communication
Returns balance and unconfirmed amount Amount waiting 2 confirmations of multiple addresses. Balance units are in satoshis. This request now requires an APIKey set in the request header. Returns transaction history of multiple bitcoin addresses considering them part of the same wallet. For each transaction following paramters are returned: unix timestamp , txid , net value transacted from wallet in satoshis and subset of address involved in transaction. Transactions are sorted by latest time and a limit of tx are returned. Pending transactions having less than 2 confirmations are returned in pending dict with status.
API Documentation
No new commits yet. Enjoy your day! This is a backend-only service. Note: You can use an existing Zcash data directory, however txindex , addressindex , timestampindex and spentindex needs to be set to true in zen. The timestamp property will only be set for unconfirmed transactions and height can be used for determining block order.
Web Cryptography API
Hi, so I wanted to cover Nomics and our data and why we're different. We found that most price aggregators and most market data services are failing in a number of ways that I think we've solved for and I wanted to cover that first. A little bit about the company: we are an API first product company, so out of everything that we do our API comes first. We built the API before we built anything else. If you do go to Nomics that entire website was built with our API so anything you see on the website we have available but we also have a lot of data available that is not on our website.
Samsung Blockchain Keystore SDK
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We strongly recommend that our new customers use API version 3. We also recommend that our current traders switch to the newest version 3. API version 2. For detailed description refer to API v2. Example: "T
Samsung Blockchain Keystore puts consumers in control of their data by providing a platform to consolidate and easily manage private information and digital keys with vaultlike security. This allows Samsung Blockchain Keystore to provide security unlike ever before, protecting information from data breaches, malware, or other threats. Create, store, manage, and backup of a private key, including the ability to import already generated private keys from third-party applications. This can be protected through a preset mandatory PIN, with the option of further protection through fingerprint authentication. Authorization of digital signatures for use with your Android app and services that require a private key for stronger security during encrypted transactions or purchases. Enabling cryptocurrency transactions please refer to Keystore SDK Restrictions section for more details. Please refer to the Getting Started section in the Programming Guide for more details in each step.
Disclaimer: Examples use data points available to all API users. Present-day data is limited to paid users. Probed your platform, interesting metrics offering some very nuanced insights.
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