Bitcoin and coronavirus

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Content:

• Far-right cryptocurrency follows ideology across borders
• COVAC Token, the First-Ever Crypto COVID Vaccine Token Skyrockets 180x In 2 Months
• Bitcoin is COVID immune!
• How to use 50 trillion Shiba Inu in Covid-hit, Crypto-wary India
• Bitcoin falls below $30,000 as Delta variant fears spread globally
• April 27, 2021
• Bitcoin’s ‘black swan event’ — should investors worry?
• LIVE: Kerala sees 5,516 new Covid cases, 210 deaths in last 24 hours
• COVID-19 fraud domain seized from seller who attempted to sell it using bitcoin
• ASX caught in global sell-off, as $US90b is wiped off bitcoin and cryptocurrency market

WATCH RELATED VIDEO: Masterclass: Post-COVID-19: What does the future hold for cryptocurrency?

Far-right cryptocurrency follows ideology across borders

Financial Innovation volume 7 , Article number: 38 Cite this article. Metrics details. This research investigates the appropriateness of the linear specification of the market model for modeling and forecasting the cryptocurrency prices during the pre-COVID and COVID periods.

Two extensions are offered to compare the performance of the linear specification of the market model LMM , which allows for the measurement of the cryptocurrency price beta risk. The first is the generalized additive model, which permits flexibility in the rigid shape of the linearity of the LMM.

The second is the time-varying linearity specification of the LMM Tv-LMM , which is based on the state space model form via the Kalman filter, allowing for the measurement of the time-varying beta risk of the cryptocurrency price. The analysis is performed using daily data from both time periods on the top 10 cryptocurrencies by adjusted market capitalization, using the Crypto Currency Index 30 CCI30 as a market proxy and 1-day and 7-day forward predictions.

Such a comparison of cryptocurrency prices has yet to be undertaken in the literature. The empirical findings favor the Tv-LMM, which outperforms the others in terms of modeling and forecasting performance. This result suggests that the relationship between each cryptocurrency price and the CCI30 index should be locally instead of globally linear, especially during the COVID period. In recent decades, cryptocurrencies have witnessed spectacular development.

They are growing rapidly and are used for many different applications in the economy due to their ability to facilitate electronic payments between individuals without the involvement of a trusted third party.

Nakamoto was the first to document Bitcoin as the most well-known and prominent decentralized digital cryptocurrency based on blockchain technology. Bitcoin currently has the largest market capitalization among cryptocurrencies and has been widely used as a means of electronic payment in recent years due to the anonymity, safety, transparency, and cost effectiveness that it offers Yermack ; Kim ; Yuneline With the growing appeal of digital cryptocurrencies, finance analysts, economists, traders, and investors are focusing on predicting their future potential investment value.

Therefore, numerous studies have recently been conducted to verify the influence of financial variables e. They designed the Crypto Currency Index 30 CCI30 to track the top 30 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, excluding stablecoins www. Limited literature on crypto markets has explored the use of the CCI30 index Senarathne and Jianguo ; Pontoh and Rizkianto ; Petukhina, et al.

To fill this gap, this research explores the stochastic behavior of the CCI30 index, especially for the purpose of helping crypto market policymakers and investors interested in portfolio diversification. The pandemic spread rapidly throughout the world—despite quarantines, lockdowns, and social distancing—thereby upending the lives of millions of people. Worldwide, sales and production fell, companies became burdened financially, unemployment rose, and consumer behaviors changed Lahmiri and Bekiros a.

The pandemic severely impacted financial markets, which, in turn, compelled many researchers to explore its effect on financial contagion and market stability e. Researchers started focusing on understanding the dynamics of the cryptocurrency market, especially the connections that have existed among the various cryptocurrencies during the COVID crisis e.

Several studies e. Furthermore, it was found that the returns in crypto markets are influenced by the enthusiasm of investors, which is, in turn, affected by unique and unusual events in the news. Considering the fact that the COVID pandemic has been a very unique and unusual event given its unprecedentedness, researchers analyzed how the pandemic affected the cryptocurrency markets, especially in light of the disagreeing behavioral evidence.

For example, Lahmiri and Bekiros a explored the evolution of informational efficiency in 45 cryptocurrency markets, including the CCI30 index and 16 international stock markets, from September to April They declared that cryptos showed more instability and more irregularity during the COVID pandemic when compared to international stock markets.

Mariana et al. Since valid, well-tested treatments and preventative strategies for COVID are still lacking, these effects are expected to continue; thus, this research explores the impact of COVID on the crypto market with the aim of providing investors and policymakers with a better understanding of the market dynamics of cryptocurrencies while allocating cryptos into their portfolios.

A widely used asset pricing model in portfolio applications that provides a guideline for crypto market investors is the capital asset pricing model CAPM , which was independently developed by Sharpe , Lintner and Mossin based on the Markowitz market portfolio model. In addition, the time invariant beta risk parameter, which is the slope coefficient of the CAPM, captures the global linearity between the financial asset returns and entire market returns and is commonly estimated via ordinary least squares OLS.

The linearity limitation of the CAPM beyond the benchmark LMM, however, has been explored by researchers due to rapidly changing global economic conditions e.

Here, Tv-LMM is designed in a state space model form via the Kalman filter algorithm Kalman due to its performance e. While the Tv-LMM via the Kalman filter algorithm has been investigated extensively in several stock markets, firms, and industries, there is limited research on its use in crypto markets e.

Moreover, Neslihanoglu et al. Given the lack of existing literature in this area, this research explores extensions of prior research on crypto markets. The objective of the comparative analysis in this research is to shed light on the extensions of the LMM for modeling and forecasting cryptocurrency prices. Indeed, this is the first such comparison to be undertaken in the literature. This comparison is performed using daily data from two different time periods: pre-COVID19 from January 1, , to March 10, and during COVID from March 12, , to November 1, , specifically regarding the price index of 10 cryptocurrencies.

The CCI30 served as a market proxy following Chowdhury et al. For both time periods, 30 days forward are examined using 1-week and 7-day ahead predictions. This research contributes to the literature on cryptocurrencies in many ways with several first attempts. First, it investigates the impact of the COVID pandemic on the financial stability of daily cryptocurrency prices based on modeling and forecasting using different time horizon forward predictions.

Third, it evaluates the nonlinearity extension of the market model via GAM underpinning the polynomial model on the cryptocurrency price. Next, it evaluates the local linearity extension of the market model in the state space model form via the Kalman filter algorithm on the cryptocurrency price while also accounting for the time-varying behavior of the beta risk parameter of the cryptocurrency price. Finally, it evaluates the impact of COVID on the stochastic behavior of the time-varying beta risk of cryptos with the aim of providing investors with a quantifiable metric with which to build their crypto portfolios and to better understand the possible risks and rewards of each cryptocurrency.

The rest of this research is laid out in the following way. Second section outlines the overview of data, while third section provides the detailed methodologies of the proposed models. Fourth section presents the empirical outcomes from the comparison of the aforementioned models, while also showing the parameter estimation in the best model. Finally, fifth section summarizes the research. The data pertain specifically to the price index of the 10 cryptocurrencies.

The CCI30, which tracks the top 30 cryptocurrencies by adjusted market capitalization www. As suggested by Alexander and Dakos and Huynh et al. Table 1 provides an overview of the variables, their abbreviations, and their data sources. The daily data returns of the 10 cryptocurrencies and the CCI30 as the log difference of the daily closing price index in USD are determined as follows.

P it is the daily closing price index of those in day t. Table 2 provides the key empirical features of the data. The mean returns of cryptocurrencies 0. Moreover, the standard deviations unconditional volatility of returns in the cryptocurrencies 0.

These results suggest that the cryptocurrencies have been quite affected by the COVID global pandemic. The distributions of cryptocurrencies exhibit positive average skewness 1.

This signifies that there were frequent small dips and a number of massive increases in returns in all variables during the COVID period. In addition, the return distributions for all cryptocurrencies, CCI30, and R f are leptokurtic, which suggests the larger tails when compared to a normal distribution and a higher probability for immense results for all variables.

To sum up, the key characteristics of this research data are positive means, volatility, asymmetrical left- and right-skew , and leptokurtosis fat tails for both time periods. These features match those regularly reported by cryptocurrency studies, especially Catania et al. These results justify the consideration of extending the linearity between each cryptocurrency with CCI30 for both time periods.

These figures provide some key insights. The large fluctuations in the returns of the CCI30 and cryptos are a common characteristic during both periods. This model is defined as follows. OLS, which is briefly outlined by Wood , is used to estimate the coefficients of Eq. The shape of the fitted model via GAM will be estimated from the data itself Simpson The GAM parameter estimation procedure is briefly outlined by Wood This extension is defined as the mean reverting form of the state space model and is divided into two equations: the observation equation Eq.

The unknown parameters of these equations are estimated via the Kalman filter algorithm Kalman , which is a widely used method for the linear state space model and is referred to here as the KFMR. It is expressed as follows. The prior parameter of KFMR is defined as follows. The linear state space model via the Kalman filter and smoother algorithm Shumway and Stoffer and Neslihanoglu et al. This model is defined as follows:.

To solve these problems, the Kalman filter and smoother algorithms are used. These are defined below. These steps are outlined as follows. Equations 9 to 15 should be cycled through for each time t. The forward recursions in Eqs.

This is shown as follows. Equations 16 to 17 should be cycled through for each time t. The backward recursion that occurs in Eqs.

The loglikelihood function of the linear state space model Eqs. The Newton—Raphson algorithm can be utilized successively for the purpose of updating the parameter values until the loglikelihood function Eq. Refer to Durbin and Koopman for an exhaustive review of the loglikelihood function.

The mechanism by which the Tv-LMM is applied, which is based on the Kalman filter and smoother algorithm, is related above. The parameter estimation procedure and the R software coding R Core Team of Kalman filter and smoother are briefly outlined in Shumway and Stoffer According to these criteria, the models with the lowest MSE and MAE values proffer a better modeling forecasting performance. The Diebold—Mariano DM test Diebold and Mariano is here used for the robustness checking of the model fit forecasting accuracy in the two aforementioned models in terms of the MAE and MSE as the measures of the in-sample model fitting out-of-sample forecasting procedure, represented as follows.

Note that these analyses were computed using the R software R Core Team The MSE and MAE results between the actual and the theoretical values of the model for each cryptocurrency return during both time periods are summarized, respectively, in Table 3. The MSE and MAE results between the actual and the predicted values of returns of each cryptocurrency over these 30 values during both time periods are summarized in Tables 4 and 5 , respectively.

It improves on the LMM by On average, it improves on the LMM by 0.

COVAC Token, the First-Ever Crypto COVID Vaccine Token Skyrockets 180x In 2 Months

Source: Gerd Altmann via Pixabay view more. For this reason, it had a substantial impact on the behaviour of all financial instruments, including cryptocurrencies. It turns out that the fluctuations experienced by the virtual currency market during this period reflect changes in other capital and commodity markets. This market has also shown relative stability during this difficult time.

Bitcoin is COVID immune!

Finder co-founder Fred Schebesta made the announcement to Kyle Sandilands who last month made a 'Get Vaxxed Baby' rap video encouraging younger people to get the jab. Finder co-founder Fred Schebesta pictured made the announcement to Kyle Sandilands, who made a 'Get Vaxxed Baby' rap video encouraging younger people to get the jab. Jackie O suggested Sandilands could do part two of his vaccination song. So far just under half, or In NSW, 53 per cent of the state's 6,, eligible residents have had a first dose with Premier Gladys Berejiklian hinted tougher lockdowns in Sydney and western NSW would not be eased until 70 per cent of the eligible population had had two doses of either AstraZeneca or Pfizer, with that goal unlikely until the end of October. That would work out at per cent appreciation a year, significantly more than an average bonus savings rate of 0. The views expressed in the contents above are those of our users and do not necessarily reflect the views of MailOnline. Argos AO. Privacy Policy Feedback.

How to use 50 trillion Shiba Inu in Covid-hit, Crypto-wary India

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Bitcoin falls below $30,000 as Delta variant fears spread globally

The market appears to be loving it as its price has skyrocketed x in 2 months since its launch on PancakeSwap, a decentralised exchange running on the Binance Smart Chain BSC , on 18 June This token was created as a countdown timer to when we can resume travel and get back to our pre-COVID travel lifestyle. It currently has a growing base of holders, and is aiming to launch on Hotbit, a centralised exchange on 26 Aug The ambitious team behind this first-ever crypto COVID Vaccine token is forecasting price to grow a further 50 to folds once the listing hits centralized exchanges. The project has done minimal marketing with at best two KOLs on Twitter and two airdrop events so why are people so interested in this token?

April 27, 2021

All hell seems to be breaking loose in the financial markets in light of the coronavirus pandemic. But please consider subscribing to support our nonprofit journalism. Much to the disappointment of true believers, however, Bitcoin—in fact, the whole cryptocurrency market— has cratered right along with the stock market. So is Bitcoin not actually a safe haven after all? Though it appears to have failed the biggest test of the idea yet, the debate will probably rage on, serving as a reminder that we are still figuring out exactly what Bitcoin is and is not. But Satoshi Nakamoto, its pseudonymous, still-unknown creator, did leave some clues. The Bitcoin white paper hit a popular cryptography email list on Halloween of that year, and the system was running by January.

Bitcoin’s ‘black swan event’ — should investors worry?

Bitcoin is not a private cryptocurrency and hence is unlikely to be banned. Bitcoin price crashed on Saturday, hitting a seven-week low after a new variant of coronavirus had emerged in South Africa. The sudden tumble in the cryptocurrency world brought bitcoin to the lowest level since October. Other cryptocurrencies also tanked on Friday as new Covid variant scare spooked the investors.

LIVE: Kerala sees 5,516 new Covid cases, 210 deaths in last 24 hours

RELATED VIDEO: Did Coronavirus Help Bitcoin \u0026 Cryptocurrency

How Zoho and Freshworks got their SaaS sizzling with different recipes. Brace for high interest rates soon. Where can you look for returns in such times? Think short-term. From Hyderabad to Camerabad: how Telangana became the ground zero of facial recognition in India.

COVID-19 fraud domain seized from seller who attempted to sell it using bitcoin

Iwa Salami does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Anyone holding bitcoin would have watched the market with alarm in recent weeks. For many crypto-enthusiasts, this was one of the main attractions to buying these currencies. Yet while this has been unfolding, a more encouraging trend has attracted much less attention. Having banned cryptocurrencies in the past, or refused to acknowledge them as money, various countries have suddenly started recognising them in their financial laws and courts. This could well mark an important shift for these digital assets towards the mainstream.

ASX caught in global sell-off, as $US90b is wiped off bitcoin and cryptocurrency market

Australian cricketer Brett Lee also donated one Bitcoin to the cause last month. While the outpouring of international support could help supplement medical efforts at a time when India is dealing with massive shortage of medical supplies and vaccines, there are a number of regulatory hurdles in channeling the funds through to on-ground relief workers and organisations. This effectively means the donated money would be sitting on off-shore exchanges with NGOs having no means of converting the money into rupees within the country.