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• PKCS: Public-Key Cryptography Standards
• Evolution of GandCrab Ransomware
• PowerShell
• Cisco Press SNRS StudentGuide v2 0 Vol2
• Budget 2022: e-passports with embedded chips will be rolled out - Here's all you need to know
• PCI SECURITY STANDARDS COUNCIL, LLC
• Comparison of Smart Contract Blockchains for Healthcare Applications
• Welcome Hyperledger Fabric 2.0: Enterprise DLT for Production
• Azure Resource Center by Atmosera
• Registry of Open Data on AWS

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PKCS: Public-Key Cryptography Standards

Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Blockchain and smart contracts i. However, only very few implementations exist because of the complexity of the technologies.

Although there are tutorials and reviews to introduce blockchain and smart contracts, a pragmatic comparison of such platforms is needed. In this study, we addressed practical considerations while building a healthcare blockchain and smart contract system, by 1 comparing technical features of platforms, 2 selecting three platforms, 3 constructing blockchain networks, 4 testing the blockchains, and 5 summarizing the experience and time used for implementation by students.

We evaluated Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, and MultiChain, and confirmed that the selection of a proper platform depends on the requirements of the application.

The findings of our study can accelerate the process and reduce the risk of adopting blockchain technology in biomedical and healthcare domain. Learning Objective : Understand smart contract blockchain platforms and their comparison for healthcare. Since Bitcoin, 1 , 2 blockchain technology has evolved and is now considered as a new form of a distributed ledger, since arbitrary data can be stored in the metadata of the transactions.

Among the new developments of the blockchain technology, smart contract is one of the most important advancements. For example, a smart contract has been proposed to automate the workflow of medical licensure across multiple states. Smart contracts are also transparent and immutable.

An example is shown in Figure 1 , demonstrating the potential to manage the data queries requested by an institution to another within a clinical data research network. Therefore, we consider smart contract as a very useful and desired feature for healthcare applications.

Many researchers have proposed to adopt blockchain and smart contracts in healthcare, genomic, or biomedical applications, 4 - 6 , 8 , 22 - 35 but only very few have actually implemented these technologies due to their complexity. Although there are broad tutorials and reviews about blockchain and smart contracts, 36 - 39 a pragmatic comparison and evaluation of the smart contract platforms is needed.

In this study, we addressed the practical considerations while building a healthcare blockchain and smart contract system. Specifically, we compared the technical features of the smart contract blockchain platforms, selected platforms for our study, constructed a blockchain network for each of the platform, tested the blockchains, and summarized our experience and time used for the implementation by students.

Based on the technical features described in Table 1 , we identified three platforms to be compared in this study, out of ten popular platforms: 3 , Ethereum 11 , 43 is one of the most well-known decentralized smart contract blockchain platforms.

Ethereum has been used in healthcare applications and, most importantly, supports second-generation smart contracts. Hyperledger Fabric 51 - 53 is an enterprise-grade cross-industry platform supported by IBM.

The main considerations to choose Hyperledger Fabric were the capability to be configured as a permissioned blockchain network and the access control feature with high granularity.

Currently, a MultiChain smart filter is restricted to programming instructions that do not allow for operations such as loops and recursion. However, MultiChain provides many built-in functions to support basic building blocks for applications, 58 and can be used directly for operations like sending or receiving transactions. MultiChain also supports data streams i. The main reasons to include MultiChain were the simple setup process and the features inherited from Bitcoin Blockchain.

While only one student developed code for each one of the platforms, they compared notes and discussed solutions as a group, with facilitation from a faculty member T-TK. First, we constructed three selected smart contract blockchain networks. Finally, we summarized our implementation experiences for these blockchain platforms, with an estimation of the required time for setup and learning time for an undergraduate or a graduate student.

We compared the platforms by extracting the technical features, 3 , 38 and the results are shown in Table 2. Comparison of the technical features of the platforms and their applications. We constructed a blockchain network using Go-Ethereum.

Finally, we wrote, compiled, deployed and executed smart contracts using Solidity 40 , 41 on our blockchain network. An example smart contract pseudo code written in Solidity and executed on Ethereum 11 , 43 is shown in Figure 2 , which corresponds to the use case described in Figure 1.

The whole process to build the blockchain network took about 30 minutes, while the learning time for an undergraduate student DW was about 7 days. Example Ethereum Solidity pseudo code involved in a simple contract between two institutions as described in Figure 1 b. University B deployed this QuerySmartContract , with two functions: sendQuery and getQuery , to the blockchain network. Then, University A retrieved the query from the blockchain, and can see the query criteria as well as the address of the contract owner which is University B.

Note that it takes some time for the smart contract to be enclosed in a verified transaction of a block, therefore the first query only returns empty values for the query. Also, this smart contract, as well as any function calls that change the state of the variables in the smart contract, will be logged in the immutable blockchain, which enables future attribution, auditing, dispute and resolution for both and even a third-party institutions.

Hyperledger Fabric. We built a blockchain network using the Hyperledger Fabric images on Docker. An example pseudo code, corresponding to Figure 1 b , is shown in Figure 3. The whole process to build the blockchain network took about 45 minutes, and the overall learning period for an undergraduate student HY was about 14 days. Example Hyperledger Fabric pseudo code for the example shown in Figure 1 b , and the execution results are shown in the upper-right box.

Similar to the code shown in Figure 2 , University B deployed this contract, and University A send the query by calling sendQuery and getQuery functions. We setup a blockchain network using MultiChain. We also tried to create data streams to disseminate key-value paired data.

Finally, we investigated smart filters, and an example pseudo code is illustrated in Figure 4. The whole process to build the blockchain network took about 30 minutes, while the overall learning period for a graduate student HS was about 2 days.

Example MultiChain code between two universities. Then, University B subscribes the stream to inspect the value of the patientOutcome. Based on our implementations, MultiChain is the easiest blockchain platform in terms of setup. The setup of Ethereum as a permissioned network took longer than MultiChain. Hyperledger Fabric contains more layers in its network to increases manageability and security, which can result in long setup time compared to other platforms. The installation of the software prerequisites for MultiChain and Ethereum are also easier comparing to Hyperledger Fabric.

On the other hand, Ethereum and Hyperledger provide the full-functional smart contract capability, while the support of smart contract for MultiChain is limited.

The smart contracts are highly readable and easily programmable. Ethereum is supported and maintained by a large community of developers around the world. This open property makes it a good choice while considering the long-term sustainability of the platform that the applications rely on. MultiChain is designed to be a permissioned blockchain that is very simple yet powerful to use and inherits proven features of the famous Bitcoin Blockchain by forking from it.

To support the development of healthcare applications based on blockchain and smart contracts, we conducted a pragmatic comparison and evaluation of smart contract blockchain platforms. The main limitation of this study is that we only compared three platforms, so the scope may be restricted. The selection of a proper platform depends on requirements of the application e.

Such an assessment can accelerate the process and reduce the risks in adopting blockchain, an immutable, distributed, and automated technology, for biomedical and healthcare applications. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract Blockchain and smart contracts i. Introduction Since Bitcoin, 1 , 2 blockchain technology has evolved and is now considered as a new form of a distributed ledger, since arbitrary data can be stored in the metadata of the transactions. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Methods In this study, we addressed the practical considerations while building a healthcare blockchain and smart contract system.

Based on the technical features described in Table 1 , we identified three platforms to be compared in this study, out of ten popular platforms: 3 , 38 Table 1. Technical features to compare smart contract blockchain platforms. Technical Feature Description Type of Smart Contract The typ of smart contract supported in the platform, can be either first generation i. Programming Language The language for smart contract e.

Network Permission The supported permission type of blockchain network, can be permissionless i. Open Source License The license to distribute derivative products e. Results We compared the platforms by extracting the technical features, 3 , 38 and the results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Comparison and Discussion Based on our implementations, MultiChain is the easiest blockchain platform in terms of setup. Conclusion To support the development of healthcare applications based on blockchain and smart contracts, we conducted a pragmatic comparison and evaluation of smart contract blockchain platforms.

References 1. Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system; Accessed July 5, [ Google Scholar ]. Accessed July 3, [ Google Scholar ]. Journal of medical systems. Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States: Fair compute loads enabled by blockchain: sharing models by alternating client and server roles.

Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association.

Evolution of GandCrab Ransomware

Citizens will get chip-enabled e-Passports with additional security features from the Ministry of External Affairs. Budget Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Tuesday said issuance of e-passports will be rolled out in to enhance convenience for citizens. The e-passports will serve the same purpose as traditional passports but will come with embedded chips and futuristic technology. The applicants' personal information would be digitally signed and kept in a chip that would be integrated in the passport booklet. If the chip is tampered with, the system will be able to detect it, resulting in the passport authentication failing. The PSP-V2. The focus was on timely, transparent, more accessible and reliable platform, accessed by citizens in a comfortable environment through streamlined processes; and a committed, trained and motivated workforce.

PowerShell

Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Blockchain and smart contracts i. However, only very few implementations exist because of the complexity of the technologies. Although there are tutorials and reviews to introduce blockchain and smart contracts, a pragmatic comparison of such platforms is needed. In this study, we addressed practical considerations while building a healthcare blockchain and smart contract system, by 1 comparing technical features of platforms, 2 selecting three platforms, 3 constructing blockchain networks, 4 testing the blockchains, and 5 summarizing the experience and time used for implementation by students. We evaluated Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, and MultiChain, and confirmed that the selection of a proper platform depends on the requirements of the application. The findings of our study can accelerate the process and reduce the risk of adopting blockchain technology in biomedical and healthcare domain. Learning Objective : Understand smart contract blockchain platforms and their comparison for healthcare. Since Bitcoin, 1 , 2 blockchain technology has evolved and is now considered as a new form of a distributed ledger, since arbitrary data can be stored in the metadata of the transactions.

Cisco Press SNRS StudentGuide v2 0 Vol2

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Budget 2022: e-passports with embedded chips will be rolled out - Here's all you need to know

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PCI SECURITY STANDARDS COUNCIL, LLC

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Comparison of Smart Contract Blockchains for Healthcare Applications

Added the following flags to gcloud eventarc triggers create to support creating a trigger with Cloud Run for Anthos service destination:. Added the following flags to gcloud eventarc triggers update to support updating a trigger with Cloud Run for Anthos service destination:. Added --security-group flag to gcloud container clusters create-auto to allow enabling Google Groups for RBAC on Autopilot clusters at creation time. Added --[no-]enable-auth flag to gcloud beta redis instances update to allow enabling and disabling Redis AUTH when updating an instance.

Welcome Hyperledger Fabric 2.0: Enterprise DLT for Production

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Azure Resource Center by Atmosera

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Registry of Open Data on AWS

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