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Interview: Lennart Poettering
Welcome back to the blog series about how to hack a box! We went from the Introduction , to Exploration , to Gaining Access. Although this is a definition I use myself and is probably not an industry standard, the key difference between exploration and enumeration is you explore externally and enumerate internally.
Since we already have gained access to the target machine, our angle of attack is different when comparing to exploration. The goal here is gathering enough information to be able to Escalate our Privileges [ 1 ] on the Blocky box. There are a lot of things you want to check.
You need to ask yourself if the item is mis usable. For example you could think about a cron job running a Bash script as root every minute, while the Bash script is writeable by you. Or a script which is executed by root and uses a wildcard as a parameter [ 2 ].
You can use scripts to automate the process of enumeration a bit, but you still need to know what you are looking for and how you can do so. Do note this is a Linux machine. Normally the. Another interesting folder is minecraft. After going through it, it seems to be a Minecraft server without anything interesting to see. One more thing you can see is the.
This means that the notch user has successfully used sudo , which is used to execute commands as another user, like root. Looking at the file permissions, we see a file. This allows a user to execute a file with the permissions of the owning user or group. By default, there are some files which have this flag set but are well protected against malicious usage.
To show all cron jobs background job in crontab for the current user, run the following command:. Here we can see that the Minecraft server is started automatically on every reboot in a detached screen session. This can partly be done with the following command:. You can see a lot of stuff in the output above.
A good place to start is simply Google the elements and try to understand what they do. Ss proftpd: accepting connections. The first two processes are the result of the cron job we found for Notch.
Here we can see the running process which is owned by user proftpd. It is best practice to run network processes as a dedicated user to decrease the attack surface [ 3 ] , so this is configured correctly. Also, we can see there are active SSH sessions from my machine. Nothing interesting though. Now the question is: what can we do with this information? Like we did with the network services; checking for known vulnerabilities. Known vulnerabilities for Linux kernel 4. If we broaden the scope even more by searching for Ubuntu The page lists a total of !
You can do so with the following command:. This means we can use sudo to run any command as root. Looking back at our results when enumerating the files, we already saw two hints towards the sudo usage.
We saw the file. This is the first thing I would try in our next step: Privilege Escalation. When you forget the password for user X for example, you can simply search in your notes instead of exploiting the same vulnerability again.
This has helped me a lot when going through the boxes in Hack The Box. A Minecraft server is started on every reboot in a screen session under user notch , which is a Java application.
A MySQL server is listening on port on localhost, which is running as user mysql. This was the step on Enumeration. The next step is Privilege Escalation, in which we use the information gathered from all previous steps to try to gain root access. This however is good for another blog post! This is illegal and will get you in trouble. How to There are a lot of things you want to check. Visible files to the current user File permissions Background jobs Running processes and their owner Open ports OS and kernel versions Access rights for the current user.
Enumeration is only about gathering information, not altering the state of the machine by changing Bash scripts or running kernel exploits. Enumerating files I always start with looking around on the filesystem. To search for files with the SUID flag, you can execute the following command:. To search for files with the SGID flag, you can execute the following command:.
The results that you see above are fairly standard, so nothing of interest here. Notice that tasks will be started based on the cron's system daemon's notion of time and timezones. Output of the crontab jobs including errors is sent through email to the user the crontab file belongs to unless redirected.
For example, you can run a backup of all your user accounts at 5 a. Enumerating running processes To enumerate all running processes, execute the following command:. S [kthreadd] root 3 0. S [kdevtmpfs] root 12 0.
S [khungtaskd] root 15 0. SN [ksmd] root 17 0. SN [khugepaged] root 18 0. S [kswapd0] root 29 0. S [ecryptfs-kthrea] root 47 0. S [kauditd] root 0. S php-fpm: pool www www-data 0. S php-fpm: pool www proftpd 0. Ss proftpd: accepting connections root 0. Ss sshd: notch [priv] notch 0. S sd-pam notch 0. Ss proftpd: accepting connections www-data 0.
Enumerating open ports To check for open ports, you can run the following command:. Privilege Escalation is gaining access to a higher privileged user. For more information about wildcard injection, read this article. A term for the sum of the different points attack vectors where an unauthorized user attacker can try to enter data to or extract data from an environment.
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Tails is by no means just a noobs OS, it does a lot of the hard work for you and makes connecting to and browsing the. Edward Snowden used it to help stay anonymous during the initial NSA spying leaks. Most steps will be the same across operating systems. The interface in the pictures may look a little different from what you see, but all of the options are in the same places.
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Welcome back to the blog series about how to hack a box! We went from the Introduction , to Exploration , to Gaining Access. Although this is a definition I use myself and is probably not an industry standard, the key difference between exploration and enumeration is you explore externally and enumerate internally.
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